Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin stores in the pancreas of subjects with type-2 diabetes and their lean and obese non-diabetic controls

Abstract

In type-2 diabetes, both insufficient insulin and excessive glucagon secretion contribute to hyperglycemia. We compared insulin, glucagon and somatostatin stores in pancreas obtained at autopsy of 20 lean and 19 obese non-diabetic (ND), and 18 type-2 diabetic (T2D) subjects. From concentrations and pancreas weight, total content of hormones was calculated. Insulin content was 35% lower in T2D than ND subjects (7.4 versus 11.3 mg), whereas glucagon content was similar (0.76 versus 0.81 mg). The higher ratio of glucagon/insulin contents in T2D was thus explained by the decrease in insulin. With increasing BMI of ND subjects, insulin and glucagon contents respectively tended to increase and decrease, resulting in a lower glucagon/insulin ratio in obesity. With aging, insulin and glucagon contents did not significantly change in ND subjects but declined in T2D subjects, without association with the duration of diabetes or type of treatment. The somatostatin content was lower in T2D than ND subjects (0.027 versus 0.038 mg), but ratios somatostatin/insulin and somatostatin/glucagon were not different. In conclusion, insulin stores are about 1/3 lower in T2D than ND subjects, whereas glucagon stores are unchanged. Abnormal secretion of each hormone in type-2 diabetes cannot be attributed to major alterations in their pancreatic reserves.

Islet prohormone processing in health and disease

“…Moreover, the addition of palmitate or oleate to high glucose culture dampens high glucose‐induced PI biosynthesis. The PI processing machinery, likewise, is not impaired during high glucose culture, but is diminished following palmitate treatment, associated with reduced Pc1/3 and Pc2 protein …”

“…The PI processing machinery, likewise, is not impaired during high glucose culture, but is diminished following palmitate treatment, associated with reduced Pc1/3 and Pc2 protein. 72,93 While PI biosynthesis, processing and secretion have been explored in rodent islets under different circumstances, whether human islets from T2D donors have impaired PI processing, or if PI is constitutively released, requires further investigation. 94 Only one report to date suggests that PI levels in the pancreas are comparable between T2D and non-diabetic donors.…”

Gene and Biochemical Pathway Evaluation of Burns Injury via Protein-Protein Interaction Network Analysis

“…As described in the Methods section, the cut-off value for the degree was calculated to be 168, which discriminates the nodes with a high-value degree from the other genes. This finding is reflected in Figure- gy production [15][16][17][18][19]. Metabolic changes in patients with burns are well-known processes that have been studied several years ago [20].…”

Effect of Age and Gender on Some Biochemical, Hormones and Adipocytokines Parameters in Iraqi Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

“…The present result regard the increase level of insulin with the age is in agreement with the results of Kharroubi AT 19 who found that reduced activity of insulin or reduced pancreatic synthesis (type II), circulating antibodies to insulin, delayed release of insulin or the absence of inadequacy of insulin receptors can be related to age. While Henquin J et al 20 mentioned that a significant difference in mean insulin and glucagon contents in T2DM subjects below and above 65 years (P ≤ 0.01). This due to the fact that both β-and α-cell masses have been found to decrease slightly with aging in non-diabetic subjects.…”