Insulin-delivery methods for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Abstract

Efforts directed toward restoring normal metabolic levels by mimicking the physiological insulin secretion, thereby ensuring safety, efficacy, minimal invasiveness and conveniences, are of great significance in the management of type 1 diabetes among children and adolescents. Regardless of the various technologies being discovered in addressing invasiveness and enhancing medication adherence in the management of type 1 diabetes, yet limited success had been observed among children and adolescents. The multiple daily subcutaneous insulin injections route using vial and syringe, and occasionally insulin pens, remain the most predictable route for insulin administration among children and adolescents. However, this route has been associated with compromised patient compliance, fear of injections and unacceptability, resulting in poor glycemic control, which promote the demand for alternative routes of insulin administration. Alternative routes for delivering insulin are being investigated in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes; these include the hybrid closed-loop ‘artificial pancreas’ system, oral, inhalation, intranasal routes, and others. This review article explores the current advances in insulin-delivery methods that address the needs of children and adolescents in the treatment of type 1 diabetes.

Effect of Shot Blockers versus Buzzy Bee Distractor on Relieving Pain and Anxiety Level during Insulin Injection among Children with Type I Diabetes

“…As regard method of insulin injection, the present study illustrated that, the majority of the studied children used insulin syringes this may be due to the insulin pump or pen aren't available for all diabetic children or may cause financial load for parents. This finding wasn't in harmony with Zuberi et al (2020) (38) who studied insulin-delivery methods for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and his study revealed that, the diabetic alternate delivery method for children and adolescents is insulin pens. Concerning to frequency of insulin injections, the current study revealed that, all the studied children taken insulin injection four times per day.…”

Investigating Novel Thiophene Carbaldehyde Based Thiazole Derivatives as Potential Hits for Diabetic Management: Synthesis, In Vitro and In Silico Approach

“…The typical signs are persistent hunger, frequent urination, and extreme thirst. In those who are genetically susceptible to type II diabetes, obesity is now understood to be the root cause of the condition [30,31] . α‐Glucosidase inhibitors are used in conjunction with other insulin secretagogues to maintain high glycemic control [32,33] .…”

Synthesis, Glucosidase Inhibition, and In Silico Modeling Analysis of Highly Fluorinated 2-Imino-1,3-thiazolines in Search of Potent Antidiabetic Agents

“…The enzyme is also located in the lining of small intestine where it plays a crucial role in the final stage of glucose metabolism. The enzyme functions by catalyzing the α-glucosidic disaccharide and oligosaccharide bonds owing to the presence of duplicated glycoside hydrolase domains (GH31). , Besides carbohydrate digestion, α-glucosidase enzyme is also essential for numerous biological processes such as degradation of lysosomal glycoconjugates and the modification of post-translational glycoproteins . The enzymatic activity of α-glucosidase is significant in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as its inhibition retards the rate of breakdown of starch.…”

“… 24 , 25 Besides carbohydrate digestion, α-glucosidase enzyme is also essential for numerous biological processes such as degradation of lysosomal glycoconjugates and the modification of post-translational glycoproteins. 26 The enzymatic activity of α-glucosidase is significant in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as its inhibition retards the rate of breakdown of starch. It helps in regulating the postprandial hyperglycemia.…”