Insulin antibodies

Stowers, J. M.

doi:10.1136/pgmj.45.519.32

Cited by 31 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…No untoward side effects were noted, except granulocytopenia in one child, a recipient of renal transplant receiving immunosuppressants (Lewin et al, 1973). The pharmacokinetics (PK) of SMX-TMP examined in a study in children from ages 3 months to 10 years found that after a single oral dose of SMX-TMP (20 mg of TMP/100 mg of SMX), mean serum concentration of SMX was 20 μg/mL within 4 hours with a half-life of 9–15 hours (Schwartz & Ziegler, 1969). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cotrimoxazole and neonatal kernicterus: a review

Thyagarajan

Deshpande

2013

Drug and Chemical Toxicology

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Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) individually and a combination known as cotrimoxazole (SMX-TMP) are widely used for the treatment of protozoan and bacterial infections. SMX-TMP is also one of the widely used antibiotics administered orally in neonates, along with gentamicin injection, for treating pneumonia and sepsis by home-based healthcare providers in Asian countries. Although the use of this drug has successfully reduced neonate mortality, there is a concern for it causing neurotoxicity. Previous clinical studies with sulfisoxazole have demonstrated occurrence of kernicterus in neonates. This sulfonamide is thought to displace bilirubin from its albumin-binding sites in plasma leading to an elevation of plasma bilirubin, which crosses the blood-brain barrier, reaches central neurons to cause kernicterus. We performed an extensive review of clinical and animal studies with cotrimoxazole, which showed no reported incidences of kernicterus with SMX-TMP use in neonates. EndNote, BasicBiosis, Embase, PubMed and Toxline database searches were conducted using specific keywords yielding 74 full-length articles relevant to the review. This review has taken into account various factors, including the disease itself, direct effects of the drug and its metabolism through conjugation and acetylation through a thorough review of the literature to examine the potentials of SMX-TMP to cause kernicterus in neonates. SMX-TMP in oral doses administered to neonates for 7–10 days is unlikely to cause kernicterus. Also, this review recommends warranting the need of future studies using animal models and clinical studies in humans to address SMX-TMP toxicity.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cotrimoxazole and neonatal kernicterus: a review

Thyagarajan

Deshpande

2013

Drug and Chemical Toxicology

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“…Loss of weight has been noted to be one of the effects of this therapy, but the cause is disputed (7ournal of the American Medical Association, 1970), though intestinal malabsorption is certainly an important factor (Czyzyk et al, 1968;Stowers and Bewsher, 1969). Berchtold et al (1969) reported malabsorption of vitamin B12 in patients who had been treated with metformin for two to three months, but their results were not confirmed when other biguanides were used (Willms and Creutzfeldt, 1970).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin-B12 Status of Patients on Long-term Metformin Therapy

Tomkin¹,

Hadden²,

Weaver³

et al. 1971

BMJ

195

139

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SummaryVitamin-B,, malabsorption has been found in 21 (30%) of 71 diabetic patients taking long-term metformin therapy in addition to dietary management. The patients with evidence of B12 malabsorption had significantly lower haemoglobin levels (and significantly higher serum folic acid levels) than those with normal B1 absorption. Steatorrhoea was found in only one patient. Stopping metformin therapy resulted in reversion of B1 absorption to normal in most patients examined. Four patients with B12 malabsorption were found to have pathologically low serum B,2 levels. The causes and implications of these findings are discussed and it is concluded that all patients on long-term metformin therapy should have annual serum B12 estimations.

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“…Drugs such as neomycin (Jacobson, Prior, and Faloon, 1960;Jacobson, Chodos, and Faloon, 1960) and phenformin (Stowers and Brewsher, 1969) affect intestinal absorption and reduce xylose excretion. Both aspirin and indomethacin cause dyspepsia, but their effect on intestinal function in man is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%