Insulin and Bile Acids in Cholesterol Homeostasis: New Players in Diabetes-Associated Atherosclerosis

Abstract

Cortés and EckelBile Acids in Diabetic Atherosclerosis data to demonstrate the benefit of ezetimibe-to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with T1D are lacking. Last, the article by Semova et al offers the opportunity to give a closer look at the concept of personalized medicine. Medicine in some ways has always been personalized in the sense that physicians have looked for the best and safest integral treatment for each individual patient. The current use of the concept is focused on the individualized design of therapeutic plans based on the biological (and we add psychological, cultural, and economic) particularities of individual patients. Although market-driven personalized medicine initiatives are grounded mostly on genetic testing and artificial intelligence-based recommendations, Semova et al show that complex pathophysiological considerations must be added to reach the goal of truly personalized medicine.

The Potential Therapeutic Application of Simvastatin for Brain Complications and Mechanisms of Action

“…In the liver, cholesterol can be used for multiple biological purposes, such as incorporation into bile acids, helping to facilitate dietary lipid digestion/absorption and lipid/cholesterol excretion [ 45 ]. Consequently, the liver acts as the main site that maintains cholesterol homeostasis.…”

Macrophage polarisation and inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis: Implications for prevention and treatment

“…Chronic hyperglycaemia in diabetic conditions disrupts vascular homeostasis, while the involvement of miRNAs can modulate transcription and protein expression, thereby contributing to atherosclerosis. Additionally, insulin deficiency may lead to increased intestinal cholesterol absorption and hypercholesterolaemia, causing lipoprotein retention in the vascular walls, ultimately triggering an inflammatory response and promoting the development of atherosclerosis [ [2] , [3] , [4] ].…”

Neoagarotetraose Alleviates Atherosclerosis via Modulating Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism in ApoE−/− Mice

“…The conversion of cholesterol to bile acid plays a critical role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis and preventing the accumulation of cholesterol, triglycerides, and toxic metabolites [7]. Bile acid has been associated with cardiovascular diseases in both animals and humans [8,9]. The synthesis of bile acid is regulated by fasting, refeeding, and nutrient status [10].…”