“…Instead of the parallel-flux approach [19,20], the "vertical-flux" approach [20][21][22][23][24] is endorsed in the Qi version 1.0 standard because it can utilize the entire charging surface for energy transfer and has no restriction on the orientation of the receiver coil. Originated from the coreless planar transformer technology [2][3][4][5][6][7]17,20] in which energy is transferred from the planar primary winding printed on one side of the printed circuit board (PCB) 'vertically' to the secondary winding printed on the other side of the PCB, the vertical-flux idea has been successfully demonstrated in isolated gate-drive circuit [4,5] and later implemented in integrated circuits [11,12], planar power converters [6], wirelessly powering a lighting device by Philips Research [10] and charging a mobile phone in a 'fixed-positioning' manner [7]. By extending the planar winding into a multilayer winding array structure [8,23] and selectively activating the appropriate coils for localized charging [9,24], the Approach 3 (Fig.1c).…”