Instrumented Projectile Penetration Testing of Granular Materials

Glößner, C.; Moser, Stefan M.; Külls, R.; Hess, Siegfried; Nau, Siegfried; Salk, M.; Penumadu, Dayakar; Petrinic, Nikica

doi:10.1007/s11340-016-0228-0

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The forces exerted by the grains on the intruder are often described using Poncelet drag, which is dominated by a velocity-squared force with a nearly constant drag coefficient [9][10][11][12]. However, as noted by Pica Ciamarra et al [13] and many others [3,12,[14][15][16][17][18], the initial impact forces are consistently larger than expected from Poncelet drag or similar drag models, which is sometimes attributed [12] to a shock wave at impact [19]. These large forces are short lived but may be most important for determining damage to the grains and projectile [3,20] and for capturing the dynamics of a highly transient process like a jumping animal or robot [5,6].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…High-speed impact by an intruder into a granular bed is a ubiquitous process with broad relevance in many disciplines, including ballistics [1][2][3][4], robotics [5,6], astrophysics [7], and earth science [8]. The forces exerted by the grains on the intruder are often described using Poncelet drag, which is dominated by a velocity-squared force with a nearly constant drag coefficient [9][10][11][12].…”

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Power-Law Scaling of Early-Stage Forces during Granular Impact

Krizou

Clark

2020

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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We experimentally and computationally study the early-stage forces during high-speed impacts into granular beds. Experiments consist of impacts into 2D assemblies of photoelastic disks of varying stiffness, and complimentary discrete-element simulations are performed in 2D and 3D. The peak force during the initial stages of impact and the time at which it occurs depend only on the intruder velocity, the elastic modulus of the grains, the mass density of the grains, and the intruder size according to power-law scaling forms that are not consistent with Poncelet models or granular shock theory. We find that the early-stage forces are inherently related to wave propagation, but the current theory of shocks in granular media cannot capture them, suggesting that a new theory is needed. The insensitivity of our results to many system details suggest that they may also apply to impacts into similar materials like foams and emulsions.High-speed impact by an intruder into a granular bed is a ubiquitous process with broad relevance in many disciplines, including ballistics [1-4], robotics [5,6], astrophysics [7], and earth science [8]. The forces exerted by the grains on the intruder are often described using Poncelet drag, which is dominated by a velocity-squared force with a nearly constant drag coefficient [9][10][11][12]. However, as noted by Pica Ciamarra et al.[13] and many others [3,12,[14][15][16][17][18], the initial impact forces are consistently larger than expected from Poncelet drag or similar drag models, which is sometimes attributed [12] to a shock wave at impact [19]. These large forces are short lived but may be most important for determining damage to the grains and projectile [3,20] and for capturing the dynamics of a highly transient process like a jumping animal or robot [5,6]. However, there is currently no theory that captures these initial forces. In this Letter, we use experiments and simulations to demonstrate that peak forces during the initial stages of granular impact obey simple, power-law scaling forms that depend only on the impact speed, the mass density and stiffness of the grains, and the intruder size. These scaling laws do not fit within the framework of any existing theory related to impact, including Poncelet models and the theory of shocks in granular media [19,[22][23][24][25][26][27], implying that a new theory is needed for this process.We uncover these scaling laws through experiments and simulations of impacts into granular beds with varying grain and intruder properties. Experiments involve circular intruders striking a collection of more than 10,000 photoelastic disks (3 mm thick) confined between two Plexiglas sheets (0.91 m × 1.22 m × 1.25 cm). These experiments have been used previously to study the microscopic origins of the Poncelet drag laws during the penetration regime [15,16,21] as well as the speed and spatial structure of the shocks propagating away from the point of impact [19]. Here, we focus on the intruder dynamics during the initial stages. Intruders are machi...

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Power-Law Scaling of Early-Stage Forces during Granular Impact

Krizou

Clark

2020

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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“…Zhang et al [1] published numerous studies on the development of a missile-borne storage testing system under high-speed impact. ey adopted the anti-high-shock device to achieve a deceleration measurement with a deceleration magnitude of more than 10 4 g. Glößner et al [2] acquired the penetration overloading with a deceleration magnitude of almost 70000 g using an onboard data recorder system. In addition, the composition of overloading deceleration also attracts many scholars to carry out research studies [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Equivalence of Penetration Overloading for Projectile-Borne Components in Nonproportional Penetrators

Yan

Yang

et al. 2022

Shock and Vibration

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The reliability assessment of the projectile-borne components in a high-speed penetrator is an important issue in the penetration field. In this study, a scaling model embedded with a deceleration measurement device was used to investigate the overloading situation due to the high cost of the prototype test. The projectile could be scaled, while the deceleration measurement device needs to maintain full scale. Thus, a nonproportional scaling design is proposed to represent the rigid-body deceleration of the prototype projectile. This study, considering the mass of the deceleration measurement device, lays out the design criteria of the scaling model and carries out rigid-body deceleration similarity verification tests of the prototype and the scaling model. In addition, the rigid-body deceleration similarity was examined through model predictions and numerical simulation. These results show that the rigid-body deceleration of the nonproportional scaling model is generally in agreement with that of the prototype for penetrating the semi-infinite concrete target. The deviations of rigid-body deceleration magnitude and duration are 6.76% and −12.1%, respectively. This makes it reasonable and feasible to investigate the overloading situation of prototype projectile through a nonproportional scaling model.

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“…Applications may range from foundation engineering [1], projectile penetration, Ref. [2][3][4] to improving loose deposits by reinforcements [5], and to creating composite backfills such as sand-rubber mixtures [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Particle Morphology on Stiffness, Strength and Volumetric Behavior of Rounded and Angular Natural Sand

Sharma¹,

Leib-Day²,

Thakur

et al. 2021

Materials

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Stress–strain and volume change behavior for clean sands which have distinct particle shape (rounded and angular) with very similar chemical (mineralogical) composition, size, and texture in one-dimensional (1D) compression and drained triaxial compression are presented. The effect of particle morphology on the crushing behavior in one-dimensional loading is explored using laser light diffraction technique which is suitable for particle crushing because of its high resolution and small specimen volume capability. Particle size distribution in both volume/mass and number distributions are considered for improved understanding associated with the process of comminution. Number distributions present a clearer picture of particle crushing. It is argued that particle crushing in granular assemblies initiates in larger particles, rather than in smaller particle. It was found that rounded sand specimens showed greater crushing than angular sand specimens with higher uniformity coefficient. In 1D compression, loose specimens compress approximately 10% more than dense specimens irrespective of particle shape. Densification of angular sand results in improvement in stiffness (approximately 40%) and is comparable to that of loose rounded sand. In general, density has a greater influence on the behavior of granular materials than particle morphology. The effect of particle shape was found to be greater in loose specimens than in dense specimens. The effect of grain shape on critical state friction angle is also quantified.

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Instrumented Projectile Penetration Testing of Granular Materials

Cited by 30 publications

References 10 publications

Power-Law Scaling of Early-Stage Forces during Granular Impact

Power-Law Scaling of Early-Stage Forces during Granular Impact

Study on the Equivalence of Penetration Overloading for Projectile-Borne Components in Nonproportional Penetrators

Effect of Particle Morphology on Stiffness, Strength and Volumetric Behavior of Rounded and Angular Natural Sand

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