“…One of the commonly used methods of dealing with measurement error is the instrumental variable (IV) approach (e.g., Abarin et al, 2014; Abarin & Wang, 2012; Buzas & Stefanski, 1996; Carroll & Stefanski, 1994; Fuller, 1987; Guan et al, 2019; Guan & Wang, 2017; Wang, 2021; Wang & Hsiao, 2007, 2011; Xu, Ma & Wang, 2015). In practice, any variable that is correlated with the error‐prone covariates but is independent of the measurement error and model error can serve as a valid IV, e.g., a second independent measurement, or repeated measurements at different time points in longitudinal studies.…”