Instructions and the orienting reflex in semantic conditioning of the galvanic skin response in an innocuous situation.

Maltzman, Irving; Langdon, Barry; Pendery, Mary; Wolff, Craig

doi:10.1037//0096-3445.106.2.120

Cited by 28 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“… Maltzman et al (1977) and Pendery and Maltzman (1977) investigated the orienting reflex using galvanic skin response as an outcome. The task was a semantic conditioning task similar to an oddball task with a critical word interspersed between filler words.…”

Section: History Of Reflexive Attentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the critical word was presented, a tone sounded (instead of the usual noxious unconditioned stimulus) and the participant was expected to respond by either pressing or releasing a foot pedal. The data from those who were not informed of task contingencies ( Pendery and Maltzman, 1977 ) or who were partially informed ( Maltzman et al, 1977 ) were interpreted with larger galvanic skin response indicating greater orienting reflex. It is easy to see the cognitive processing in the “informed” aspect of the study.…”

Section: History Of Reflexive Attentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, Maltzman (1977) "thinking about thinking" (p. 112) changed as he followed the findings in his experiments, which suggested some important cognitive aspects. Maltzman et al (1977) and Pendery and Maltzman (1977) investigated the orienting reflex using galvanic skin response as an outcome. The task was a semantic conditioning task similar to an oddball task with a critical word interspersed between filler words.…”

Section: Behaviorists and Gestaltistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visual reflexive attention as a useful measure of development

Lundwall

2023

Front. Psychol.

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Cognitive psychology began over three-quarters of a century ago and we have learned a great deal in that time, including concerning the development of cognitive abilities such as perception, attention, and memory, all of which develop across infancy and childhood. Attention is one aspect of cognition that is vital to success in a variety of life activities and, arguably, the foundation of memory, learning, problem solving, decision making, and other cognitive activities. The cognitive abilities of later childhood and adulthood generally appear to depend on the reflexes, abilities, and skills of infancy. Research in developmental cognitive science can help us understand adult cognition and know when to intervene when cognitive function is at risk. This area of research can be challenging because, even in typical development, the course of cognitive development for a particular child does not always improve monotonically. In addition, the typical trajectory of this development has been understood differently from different historical perspectives. Neither the history of thought that has led to our current understanding of attention (including its various types) nor the importance of developmental aspects of attention are frequently covered in training early career researchers, especially those whose primary area of research in not attention. My goal is to provide a review that will be useful especially to those new to research in the subfield of attention. Sustained attention in adults and children has been well-studied, but a review of the history of thought on the development of reflexive attention with a focus on infancy is overdue. Therefore, I draw primarily on historical and modern literature and clarify confusing terminology as it has been used over time. I conclude with examples of how cognitive development research can contribute to scientific and applied progress.

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Section: History Of Reflexive Attentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: History Of Reflexive Attentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Behaviorists and Gestaltistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visual reflexive attention as a useful measure of development

Lundwall

2023

Front. Psychol.

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Alcohol as an unconditioned stimulus in human classical conditioning

Glautier¹,

Drummond²,

Remington

1994

Psychopharmacology

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Recent experiments with human subjects have shown that drug cues (e.g. sight of beer or needle and syringe) elicit different responses than do neutral stimuli. However, because conditioning has not been carried out in the majority of cases, it is not clear why drug cues have different response eliciting capacities; associative and nonassociative mechanisms may both play a part. In this experiment a counterbalanced differential conditioning procedure was used to isolate the role of associative processes in the development of physiological, behavioural, and subjective conditioned responses to cues for alcohol over the course of repeated conditioning sessions. Twelve healthy volunteers took part in the experiment which involved each subject attending for ten sessions. On physiological measures evidence was found for conditioning of skin conductance and cardiac inter-beat interval responses to cues for alcohol delivery. Over the course of conditioning on behavioural measures of drink consumption there were changes in the rate of consumption and number of sips taken as a function of whether or not the drinks contained alcohol. Finally, on subjective measures, there was a differential change in subjective state in response to alcohol and soft drink expectancy as conditioning progressed.

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Nonaware classical conditioning to pictorial facial stimuli in a between-groups paradigm

Saban

Hugdahl

1999

Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science

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The present experiment investigated the effects of aware and nonaware modes of extinction in classical conditioning to facial emotional stimuli. The subjects participated in three different experimental phases. In the first (habituation) phase they were presented with a 500 ms angry face. In the second (acquisition) phase, for half of the subjects the 500 ms face was paired with an aversive noise (experimental group) while for the other half of the subjects the face and the noise presentations were separated by 6-10 s intervals (sensitization control group). In the third (extinction) phase, these two groups were further divided into two subgroups. One subgroup of both the experimental and control group had the face stimulus presented for 30 ms, and immediately masked with a neutral picture. The other two subgroups had the face presented for 500 ms with no mask. The results showed that conditioning only occurred in the experimental subgroups which was indicated by a significant difference between skin conductance responses during habituation and corresponding responses during extinction. Secondly, comparing the experimental and control groups during the extinction phase, a significant conditioning effect was observed for both the aware and nonaware masked modes of extinction for the experimental group. The results suggest that conditioned autonomic responses may be elicited in a nonaware mode.

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Instructions and the orienting reflex in semantic conditioning of the galvanic skin response in an innocuous situation.

Cited by 28 publications

References 35 publications

Visual reflexive attention as a useful measure of development

Visual reflexive attention as a useful measure of development

Alcohol as an unconditioned stimulus in human classical conditioning

Nonaware classical conditioning to pictorial facial stimuli in a between-groups paradigm

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