Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power

Oppenheimer, Daniel M.; Meyvis, Tom; Davidenko, Nicolas

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.009

Cited by 2,731 publications

(2,185 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…This exclusion rate (23%) is consistent with prior studies that have used instructional manipulation checks (Oppenheimer, Meyvis, & Davidenko, 2009). Exclusions did not differ by condition, Study 1a: 2 (1) ϭ 0.06, p ϭ .80; Study 1b: 2 (1) ϭ 2.13, p ϭ .15.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 87%

Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: How you do it matters.

Kross¹,

Bruehlman-Senecal²,

Park³

et al. 2014

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

239

233

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Does the language people use to refer to the self during introspection influence how they think, feel, and behave under social stress? If so, do these effects extend to socially anxious people who are particularly vulnerable to such stress? Seven studies explored these questions (total N ϭ 585). Studies 1a and 1b were proof-of-principle studies. They demonstrated that using non-first-person pronouns and one's own name (rather than first-person pronouns) during introspection enhances self-distancing. Studies 2 and 3 examined the implications of these different types of self-talk for regulating stress surrounding making good first impressions (Study 2) and public speaking (Study 3). Compared with the first-person group, the non-first-person group performed better according to objective raters in both studies. They also displayed less distress (Studies 2 and 3) and engaged in less maladaptive postevent processing (Study 3). Studies 4 and 5 examined how these different forms of self-talk influence the way people appraise social-anxiety-provoking events. They demonstrated that non-first-person language use (compared with first-person language use) leads people to appraise future stressors in more challenging and less threatening terms. Finally, a meta-analysis (Study 6) indicated that none of these findings were moderated by trait social anxiety, highlighting their translational potential. Together, these findings demonstrate that small shifts in the language people use to refer to the self during introspection consequentially influence their ability to regulate their thoughts, feelings, and behavior under social stress, even for vulnerable individuals.Keywords: distancing, stress, social anxiety, rumination, self-regulation, emotion regulation During the summer of 2010, LeBron James, a future Hall-ofFame basketball player, faced a tough decision. Should he stay with the small market team that nurtured his career from its inception, or move to a larger city market? Shortly after making his choice (he joined the larger market team), he described his decision-making process in an interview noting, "One thing I didn't want to do was make an emotional decision. I wanted to do what's best for LeBron James and to do what makes LeBron James happy" (Greenberg, 2010).Notice how James begins by referring to himself using the pronoun I, but then quickly switches to using his own name after indicating that he does not want to make an emotional decision. Does this shift from I to James represent a mere quirk of speech? Or could it represent something more-a process, for example, that consequentially influences people's capacity to control their thoughts, feelings, and behavior? Here we suggest that it is the latter. Specifically, we hypothesize that using one's own name and other non-first-person pronouns to refer to the self during introspection is a form of self-distancing that enhances self-regulation. 1 Harnessing Language to Promote Self-RegulationSeveral lines of research motivate this prediction. First, converging evidence...

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 87%

Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: How you do it matters.

Kross¹,

Bruehlman-Senecal²,

Park³

et al. 2014

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

239

233

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Caucasians comprised 77.08% of the population, whereas the remainder consisted of Asians (9.09%), AfricanAmericans (8.10%), Hispanic Americans (4.74%), and Native Americans (0.99%). Fourteen responses were removed because these participants may have completed the study without reading the questions (Oppenheimer, Meyvis, & Davidenko, 2009). Six outliers were excluded from analysis because their scores on the dependent measure were greater than three SDs away from the mean.…”

Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Caucasians comprised 78.45% of the sample, whereas the remainder consisted of Asians (8.52%), African-Americans (7.47%), Hispanic Americans (4.98%), and Native Americans (0.58%). Sixty participants were removed because they may have completed the survey without reading the questions (Oppenheimer, Meyvis, & Davidenko, 2009). Eighty-eight participants were excluded because they may have misread (or did not read) the instructions (details are described under the "Manipulation checks" section below).…”

Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of emotional expressions on persuasion

et al. 2015

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This paper investigates how expressions of emotion affect persuasiveness when the expresser and the recipient have different levels of power. The first study demonstrates that when the recipient overpowers the expresser, emotional expressions reduce persuasion. A second study reveals that power and perceived appropriateness of emotional expressions independently moderate the effect of emotional expressions. Emotional expressions hamper persuasion when the recipient overpowers the expresser, or when the emotional expressions are considered inappropriate.

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“…However, after the thirty-minute delay -once the memory of the substantive details of the information presented in the poster faded, but the 'gist' of those statements remained -the 31 Ecker et al 2011;Johnson and Seifert 1994; for a review see Lewandowsky et al 2012. 32 Oppenheimer 2009. Fluency can be induced by any process that makes it easier to process new information, including the color and font of the text.…”

Section: How Do People Respond To Rumors?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rumors and Health Care Reform: Experiments in Political Misinformation

Berinsky¹

2015

Brit. J. Polit. Sci.

466

313

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This article explores belief in political rumors surrounding the health care reforms enacted by Congress in 2010. Refuting rumors with statements from unlikely sources can, under certain circumstances, increase the willingness of citizens to reject rumors regardless of their own political predilections. Such source credibility effects, while well known in the political persuasion literature, have not been applied to the study of rumor. Though source credibility appears to be an effective tool for debunking political rumors, risks remain. Drawing upon research from psychology on 'fluency' -the ease of information recall -this article argues that rumors acquire power through familiarity. Attempting to quash rumors through direct refutation may facilitate their diffusion by increasing fluency. The empirical results find that merely repeating a rumor increases its power.

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Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power

Cited by 2,731 publications

References 17 publications

Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: How you do it matters.

Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: How you do it matters.

Effects of emotional expressions on persuasion

Rumors and Health Care Reform: Experiments in Political Misinformation

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