Instability of Supported Platinum Nanoparticles in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells

Shao‐Horn, Yang; Sheng, Wenchao; Chen, Shuo; Ferreira, Paulo J.; Holby, Edward F.; Morgan, Dane

doi:10.1007/s11244-007-9000-0

Cited by 911 publications

(945 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(150 reference statements)

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“…For electrocatalyst EA3500 with a mean Pt particle size of 6.5 nm, the ESA loss rate reaches as low as 0.003% per cycle. As small particles possess high surface-area-to-volume ratio, they tend to grow to lower their surface free energy [37,38]. On the other hand, under potential cycling, Pt particles encounter a Pt dissolution/re-deposition process [9,39,40].…”

Section: Fuel Cell Durabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of particle size on the activity and durability of the Pt/C electrocatalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Zhang

Zhong

et al. 2012

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

162

110

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a b s t r a c tCarbon supported Pt (Pt/C) with various average particle sizes ranging from sub 3 nm to 6.5 nm were in situ prepared and characterized at the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). A clear Pt particle size effect on both the catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the durability of the electrocatalyst was revealed. With the Pt particle size increase, both the surface specific activity and the electrochemical stability of Pt/C improved; however, the mass specific activity of Pt/C is balanced by the electrochemical surface area loss. The reduced occupation of corner and edge atoms on the Pt surface during the Pt particle size increase is believed to weaken the adsorption of the oxygenated species on Pt, and thereafter releases more available active sites for ORR and also renders the Pt surface a stronger resistance against potential cycling. It is therefore proposed that by designing the Pt microstructure with more face atoms on the surface, cathode electrocatalyst with both improved activity and enhanced durability would be developed for PEMFCs.

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Section: Fuel Cell Durabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of particle size on the activity and durability of the Pt/C electrocatalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Zhang

Zhong

et al. 2012

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

162

110

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“…Ideally, one could do away with Pt altogether, and use catalysts made from more abundant elements. However, the acidic and oxidising environment of a PEMFC places severe constraints upon the choice of materials that can be deployed: even Pt corrodes at $1 V. 11,12 Apart from Pt, only Au and Ir are thermodynamically stable in the bulk metallic form at potentials greater than 0.9 V. 13 There are notable examples whereby non-precious metals have been stabilised in non-metallic forms, such as metalorganic complexes, 14,15 enzymes, 16,17 oxides 18,19 or N-functionalised graphene-based materials. [20][21][22] Although they can exhibit activity close to or even better than that of Pt, they often suffer from poor stability (especially in acidic solutions), or a low density of active sites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on platinum and its alloys

Stephens

Bondarenko

Grønbjerg

et al. 2012

Energy Environ. Sci.

1,068

1,024

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The high cost of low temperature fuel cells is to a large part dictated by the high loading of Pt required to catalyse the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Arguably the most viable route to decrease the Pt loading, and to hence commercialise these devices, is to improve the ORR activity of Pt by alloying it with other metals. In this perspective paper we provide an overview of the fundamentals underlying the reduction of oxygen on platinum and its alloys. We also report the ORR activity of Pt 5 La for the first time, which shows a 3.5-to 4.5-fold improvement in activity over Pt in the range 0.9 to 0.87 V, respectively. We employ angle resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to understand the activity of Pt 5 La.

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“…64 Besides, the metal-free carbon catalyst does not suffer activity degradation caused by metal nanoparticle agglomeration and loss as Pt/C, which may contribute to their high stability. 65 Moreover, the formation of graphitic carbon could also play a signicant role in the improvement of the corrosion resistance for the carbon-based catalyst. 66 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly graphitized nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanopolyhedra derived from ZIF-8 nanocrystals as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions

et al. 2014

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Nitrogen-doped graphitic porous carbons (NGPCs) have been synthesized by using a zeolite-type nanoscale metal-organic framework (NMOF) as a self-sacrificing template, which simultaneously acts as both the carbon and nitrogen sources in a facile carbonization process. The NGPCs not only retain the nanopolyhedral morphology of the parent NMOF, but also possess rich nitrogen, high surface area and hierarchical porosity with well-conducting networks. The promising potential of NGPCs as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) in fuel cells is demonstrated. Compared with commercial Pt/C, the optimized NGPC-1000-10 (carbonized at 1000 C for 10 h) catalyst exhibits comparable electrocatalytic activity via an efficient four-electron-dominant ORR process coupled with superior methanol tolerance as well as cycling stability in alkaline media. Furthermore, the controlled experiments reveal that the optimum activity of NGPC-1000-10 can be attributed to the synergetic contributions of the abundant active sites with high graphitic-N portion, high surface area and porosity, and the high degree of graphitization. Our findings suggest that solely MOF-derived heteroatom-doped carbon materials can be a promising alternative for Pt-based catalysts in fuel cells.

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Instability of Supported Platinum Nanoparticles in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells

Cited by 911 publications

References 62 publications

Effect of particle size on the activity and durability of the Pt/C electrocatalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Effect of particle size on the activity and durability of the Pt/C electrocatalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Understanding the electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on platinum and its alloys

Highly graphitized nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanopolyhedra derived from ZIF-8 nanocrystals as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions

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