Inspired by the past and looking to the future of the Stroop effect

Henik, Avishai; Bugg, Julie M.; Goldfarb, Liat

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.06.007

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The Stroop task (Stroop, 1935) is one of the most investigated tasks to measure cognitive control. In the commonly used Stroop task (Henik, Bugg, & Goldfarb, 2018;MacLeod, 1991), participants are presented with a color word in color and asked to respond to the ink color and ignore the meaning of the word. The ink color and meaning of the word can be either congruent (e.g., RED written in red), incongruent (e.g., BLUE written in red), or neutral (e.g., XXXX written in red).…”

Section: Stroop Conflictsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pupillometric contributions to deciphering Stroop conflicts

Hershman

Henik

2019

Mem Cogn

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The Stroop task gives rise to two major conflicts: the task conflict (respond to the color vs. read the word) and the information conflict that can result from the stimulus-response compatibility (SRC; difference between two responses) or from the stimulusstimulus compatibility (SSC; difference between the two contradictive pieces of information). We conducted a two-to-one Stroop experiment (i.e., two colors are mapped to one response key) and measured reaction time and pupil dilation. The results showed clear evidence for informational conflict composed of both the SRC and SSC. In addition, pupil indications for task conflict appeared earlier than indications for both the SSC and the SRC, in line with the theory regarding task conflict.

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Section: Stroop Conflictsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pupillometric contributions to deciphering Stroop conflicts

Hershman

Henik

2019

Mem Cogn

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“…The Stroop task (Henik et al, 2018; Parris et al, 2019) is one of the most frequently used tasks to examine cognitive control. It examines the ability to focus on relevant information and ignore irrelevant information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It examines the ability to focus on relevant information and ignore irrelevant information. Specifically, in the commonly used colour-word Stroop task (Henik et al, 2018), participants are presented with coloured stimuli and are required to name the ink colour. The ink colour could be congruent with the meaning of the word (e.g., the word RED written in red ink) or incongruent with the meaning of the word (e.g., the word BLUE written in red ink).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of meaning to the detection of task conflict

Hershman

Levin

Tzelgov

et al. 2021

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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The color-word Stroop task produces both information conflict (detection of the ink color vs. word meaning) and task conflict (respond to the ink color vs. read the word). In the present study we measured both reaction time and pupil dilation, and the neutral stimuli in our study were non-readable letter strings as well as meaningless non-readable stimuli (i.e., colored patches and abstract character strings). Our results showed slowest responses in the incongruent trials and fastest responses in the congruent trials. However, no differences were found between the investigated neutrals. In contrast, pupil dilation was largest in the incongruent trials and smallest in the neutral trials. Moreover, the more the neutral stimuli were meaningless, the less the pupil dilation that was observed. Our results suggest that non-word meaningless stimuli reduced task conflict (compared to all the investigated conditions). Neutral equivalence should be taken into consideration in Stroop and Stroop-like tasks.

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“…Specifically, it has been employed to examine the ability to focus on relevant information while ignoring irrelevant information. In the commonly used Stroop task (Henik et al, 2018 ), participants are presented with a color word printed in color and are asked to respond to the ink color and ignore the meaning of the word. The ink color and meaning of the word can be either congruent (e.g., “Blue” written in blue), incongruent (e.g., “Red” written in blue), or neutral (e.g., “a string of 4 Xs” written in blue; see, e.g., Henik et al, 2018 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the commonly used Stroop task (Henik et al, 2018 ), participants are presented with a color word printed in color and are asked to respond to the ink color and ignore the meaning of the word. The ink color and meaning of the word can be either congruent (e.g., “Blue” written in blue), incongruent (e.g., “Red” written in blue), or neutral (e.g., “a string of 4 Xs” written in blue; see, e.g., Henik et al, 2018 ). The difference in reaction time (RT) between incongruent and neutral stimuli (i.e., the interference effect) is large and reliable, whereas the difference between neutral and congruent stimuli (i.e., the facilitation effect) is small and fragile.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Resting Stroop task: Evidence of task conflict in trials with no required response

Hershman,

Dadon,

Kiesel

et al. 2023

Psychon Bull Rev

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In the typical Stroop task, participants are presented with color words written in different ink colors and are asked to respond to their color. It has been suggested that the Stroop task consists of two main conflicts: information conflict (color vs. word naming) and task conflict (respond to color vs. read the word). In the current study, we developed a novel task that includes both Response trials (i.e., trials in which a response is required) and Rest trials (i.e., trials in which no response is required or available) and investigated the existence of both information and task conflicts in Rest trials. We found evidence for task conflict in Response and also in Rest trials, while evidence for information conflict was only observed in Response trials. These results are in line with a model of task conflict that occurs independently of and prior to information conflict in the Stroop task.

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Inspired by the past and looking to the future of the Stroop effect

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

Pupillometric contributions to deciphering Stroop conflicts

Pupillometric contributions to deciphering Stroop conflicts

The contribution of meaning to the detection of task conflict

Resting Stroop task: Evidence of task conflict in trials with no required response

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