“…The arrival time, t 2 , of the diffracted P-wave can be obtained by identifying the initial disturbance in the waveform recorded at the second receiver. Thus, the shortest travel time for P-wave from the impact point to the second receiver can be obtained as t = t2 -(t1 -H0/CR) = t2 -t1 + H0/CR (1) Knowing the P-wave speed, C P , in concrete, the shortest travel length of P-wave from the impact point to the second receiver can be calculated as C P × t. If the distances from the crack to the impact point and the second receiver are H1 and H2 respectively, the depth, d, of the vertical surface-opening crack can be determined by the following equation:…”