Insomnia: Prevalence, Impact, Pathogenesis, Differential Diagnosis, and Evaluation

Population-based cohort study on the increase in the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus development from nonapnea sleep disorders

“…Our finding was consistent with results from previous epidemiology reports regarding the association between sleep disorders and comorbidities. Previous studies have shown that female gender, advanced age, and comorbid medical conditions were risk factors of insomnia [4,21]. In addition to DM, sleep disorders also had a large impact on metabolic syndrome.…”

“…One-third of adults in the United States report inadequate sleep [2], and more than 25% of Taiwanese adults experience insomnia [3]. Sleep insufficiency can cause accidents; affect relationships and mental prowess; and have detrimental effects on health outcomes, such as increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, cancer, depression, and total mortality [2,4]. Sleep loss is associated with an increased risk for obesity, insulin resistance, and DM [5,6].…”

Development of Eudragit® S100 based pH-responsive microspheres of zaleplon by spray-drying: Tailoring the drug release properties

“…Problems include difficulty in initiating and maintaining a sleep, leading to an inadequate quantity and/or quality of the sleep. The fatigue and impairment of cognitive function during the waking hours impair significantly the quality of life of affected persons and it could also lead to some other medical conditions such as obesity, hypertension and heart disease [3]. Different hypnotic agents, including benzodiazepines (e.g., estazolam, flurazepam, temazepam, triazolam and quazepam) and Z-drugs (i.e., zaleplon, zolpidem, zopiclone and eszopiclone) are usually administered at bedtime to reduce the latency of sleep onset and to increase the total sleep time [2,3].…”

“…The fatigue and impairment of cognitive function during the waking hours impair significantly the quality of life of affected persons and it could also lead to some other medical conditions such as obesity, hypertension and heart disease [3]. Different hypnotic agents, including benzodiazepines (e.g., estazolam, flurazepam, temazepam, triazolam and quazepam) and Z-drugs (i.e., zaleplon, zolpidem, zopiclone and eszopiclone) are usually administered at bedtime to reduce the latency of sleep onset and to increase the total sleep time [2,3]. They are usually formulated as immediate release formulation and up to day there are no drug delivery systems available for the treatment of specific types of insomnia, such as one characterised by premature awakening and inability to fall asleep again.…”

Effect of a Hypocretin/Orexin Antagonist on Neurocogniive Performance

“…Insomnia is a highly prevalent condition affecting 10-30% of the general population; (NIH, 2005;Roth, 2007;Mai and Buysse, 2008). Sleep loss and sleep disruption can lead to a degradation of neurocognitive performance as assessed by objective and subjective measures (Wesensten et al, 1999;Belenky et al, 2003;Lamond et al, 2007).…”