Insoluble sediment formation in middle-distillate diesel fuel: the role of soluble macromolecular oxidatively reactive species

Hardy, Dennis R.; Wechter, Margaret A.

doi:10.1021/ef00021a009

Cited by 35 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…This mechanism occurs at temperatures higher than the storage temperaturetypically those encountered in the engineand is known as thermal oxidative degradation. Such mechanisms have been studied for years in jet fuels and diesel oil. − These phenols are oxidized into quinones, which then undergo oxidative coupling reactions, which increase the molecular weight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of Unwashed and Washed Gum Content in Brazilian Gasoline–Ethanol Blends during Prolonged Storage: Application of a Doehlert Matrix

et al. 2016

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Gasoline is a volatile mixture of hydrocarbons that is used in spark ignition engines. It is a complex mixture composed of inflammable olefinic, paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons (C 4 −C 12 ). It presents low contents of oxygenates and traces of sulfur, nitrogen, and metals, which introduce instability to the mixture. In several countries, such as Brazil, ethanol is used purely as a renewable fuel or as an octane improver in blends with gasoline, especially in flex fuel engines. Nevertheless, some compounds in the fuel react slowly, at room temperature, with atmospheric oxygen, and with each other. The process is observed throughout the entire fuel production and use process and increases fuel density. These high-molar-mass insoluble oxidation products are commonly called gums and form deposits throughout the vehicle fuel system. Their accumulation has adverse effects on engine efficiency, performance, and durability, in the form of incomplete combustion, engine wear, and higher pollutant emissions. Consequently, it is necessary to prevent gum formation by improving gasoline quality and using additives. A prediction of gasoline blends behavior is also an important tool to assess critical conditions. This work studied the influence of aging period, temperature, and addition of anhydrous ethanol concentration on unwashed and washed gum content of Brazilian gasoline−ethanol blends. The effect of an additive was also evaluated, by comparing the results of regular and additivated gasolines. This study also defined predictive mathematic models for the studied properties through a Doehlert matrix with three factors, from which robustness was assessed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of Unwashed and Washed Gum Content in Brazilian Gasoline–Ethanol Blends during Prolonged Storage: Application of a Doehlert Matrix

et al. 2016

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“…However, it was recognized from the beginning that certain fuel components could also play a role. It was already known through the work of Wechter and Hardy [24,25,26] that methyl alcohol can extract polar materials from distillate fuels. The fuel compounds extracted by methyl alcohol are known to be rich in nitrogen and sulfur relative to the base fuel.…”

Section: General Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Apple Jelly" Contaminant in Military Jet Fuel"

Waynick¹,

Westbrook²,

Dipoma³

2002

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Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Project ObjectivesThe objective of this project was to characterize the aviation fuel contaminant known as apple jelly with respect to the compositional and process conditions required for its formation, and to determine possible methods, both compositional and process, whereby its formation can be reduced or prevented. ApproachThe following tasks were involved in the investigation of this problem:• Review past studies and pertinent literature for relevant information.• Collect and analyze samples from military installations around the world.• Conduct site visits to gather information regarding fuel-handling procedures and fuel storage/dispensing equipment.• Based on all collected information, synthesize apple jelly in the laboratory. ResultsThe project team conducted 31 separate site visits to collect information and samples. Samples were also collected from sites other than those visited. SwRI received 139 samples of apple jelly, fuel, and other types of samples related to apple jelly contamination. Samples were analyzed for a number of compositional, physical, and chemical properties. The test results were analyzed to determine data relationships and information regarding the various properties of apple jelly. Based on these analyses, examples of both thin and thick apple jelly were synthesized in the laboratory. The synthetic apple jellies exhibited physical and chemical properties consistent with samples from the field. Conclusions and RecommendationsIt is important to reiterate that we started this work with no constraints regarding what is and what is not apple jelly. We simply asked users in the field to submit samples of apple jelly whenever it was discovered. The samples we received varied in color, viscosity, and numerous other properties. We were told by some people that only thick apple jelly is really apple jelly, the rest is simply contaminated water bottoms. [We contend that all apple jelly is a form of contaminated water bottoms.] However, DESC instructed us to not limit our study because all the samples represented a potential problem for the user.This work has demonstrated that apple jelly is a complex mixture. It begins with water and DiEGME. This mixture reacts w...

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“…These and other ( [30]- [34]) apparently disparate results can be unified in a general mechanism as follows:…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Highly polar species, extractable from fuels or blending stocks (in particular Light Cycle Oil, LCO) with methanol, have been found to be necessary for the production of insoluble sediment on long-term fuel storage [30]. The methanol extracts were found to comprise polycyclic aromatic materials (phenalenes, fluorenes, phenalenones) and heteroaromatic materials (especially indoles and other N-containing compounds).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Influence of High Injection Pressure on Diesel Fuel Stability: A Review and Preliminary Study

Cook¹,

Richards²

2009

SAE Technical Paper Series

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Recent developments in diesel engines and fuel injection equipment combined with the change to ULSD and bio-blends have resulted in increased reports regarding deposits within injectors and filters. A review of known fuel degradation mechanisms and other relevant chemistries suggests the effects of high pressure and high shear environments should be examined as the most probable causes of increasing deposit formation. Existing fuel quality tests do not correlate with reported fouling propensity. Analytical studies have shown that there are only subtle chemical changes for the materials within the standard diesel boiling range. The implications for further scientific study are discussed.

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Insoluble sediment formation in middle-distillate diesel fuel: the role of soluble macromolecular oxidatively reactive species

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Modeling of Unwashed and Washed Gum Content in Brazilian Gasoline–Ethanol Blends during Prolonged Storage: Application of a Doehlert Matrix

Modeling of Unwashed and Washed Gum Content in Brazilian Gasoline–Ethanol Blends during Prolonged Storage: Application of a Doehlert Matrix

Investigation of Apple Jelly" Contaminant in Military Jet Fuel"

Possible Influence of High Injection Pressure on Diesel Fuel Stability: A Review and Preliminary Study

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