Insights into upstream processing of microalgae: A review

Daneshvar, Ehsan; Ok, Yong Sik; Tavakoli, Samad; Sarkar, Binoy; Shaheen, Sabry M.; Hong, Hui; Luo, Yongkang; Rinklebe, Jörg; Song, Hocheol; Bhatnagar, Amit

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124870

Cited by 101 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…Prominent examples are Arthrospira platensis and Dunaliella salina [ 12 ]. Generally, lower biomass concentrations are obtained with microalgae cultivated photoautotrophically compared to mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation strategies [ 13 ]. Microalgae capable of mixotrophic growth can metabolize CO 2 and light simultaneously with organic carbon sources but can also switch to sole phototrophic or sole heterotrophic growth.…”

Section: Microalgae Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals from Microalgae: Main Product Classes and Biotechnological Production

Kratzer

Murkovic

2021

Foods

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Microalgal products are an emerging class of food, feed, and nutraceuticals. They include dewatered or dried biomass, isolated pigments, and extracted fat. The oil, protein, and antioxidant-rich microalgal biomass is used as a feed and food supplement formulated as pastes, powders, tablets, capsules, or flakes designed for daily use. Pigments such as astaxanthin (red), lutein (yellow), chlorophyll (green), or phycocyanin (bright blue) are natural food dyes used as isolated pigments or pigment-rich biomass. Algal fat extracted from certain marine microalgae represents a vegetarian source of n-3-fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), γ-linolenic acid (GLA)). Gaining an overview of the production of microalgal products is a time-consuming task. Here, requirements and options of microalgae cultivation are summarized in a concise manner, including light and nutrient requirements, growth conditions, and cultivation systems. The rentability of microalgal products remains the major obstacle in industrial application. Key challenges are the high costs of commercial-scale cultivation, harvesting (and dewatering), and product quality assurance (toxin analysis). High-value food ingredients are commonly regarded as profitable despite significant capital expenditures and energy inputs. Improvements in capital and operational costs shall enable economic production of low-value food products going down to fishmeal replacement in the future economy.

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Section: Microalgae Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Again, growth rates under heterotrophic conditions are higher than those under photoautotrophic conditions. However, other microorganisms compete with heterotrophic microalgae for the carbon source, and sterile conditions are required to avoid culture contamination and product loss [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Microalgae Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals from Microalgae: Main Product Classes and Biotechnological Production

Kratzer

Murkovic

2021

Foods

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“…Microalgae are versatile microorganisms that can grow under phototrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic growth conditions and possess the ability to adapt to different environmental conditions by altering cellular mechanisms [189]. Microalgae are grown in a wide variety of indoor and outdoor cultivation systems, such as vertical column photobioreactors, raceway pools, tubular closed photobioreactors, lagoons, bubble columns, pilot tanks, earthen pots, basins, and concrete tanks (Figure 1) [13,20,190].…”

Section: Microalgae Cultivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microalgal Cell Biofactory—Therapeutic, Nutraceutical and Functional Food Applications

Kiran

Mohan

2021

Plants

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Microalgae are multifaceted photosynthetic microorganisms with emerging business potential. They are present ubiquitously in terrestrial and aquatic environments with rich species diversity and are capable of producing significant biomass. Traditionally, microalgal biomass is being used as food and feed in many countries around the globe. The production of microalgal-based bioactive compounds at an industrial scale through biotechnological interventions is gaining interest more recently. The present review provides a detailed overview of the key algal metabolites, which plays a crucial role in nutraceutical, functional foods, and animal/aquaculture feed industries. Bioactive compounds of microalgae known to exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects were comprehensively reviewed. The potential microalgal species and biological extracts against human pathogens were also discussed. Further, current technologies involved in upstream and downstream bioprocessing including cultivation, harvesting, and cell disruption were documented. Establishing microalgae as an alternative supplement would complement the sustainable and environmental requirements in the framework of human health and well-being.

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“…The cultivation process of microalgae is one of the key factors affecting the biomass yield. The cultivation methods of microalgae mainly include heterotrophic cultivation and autotrophic cultivation, and some microalgae species can also be cultivated in a mixed way [19]. It is reported that photo-autotrophic cultivation is the most efficient microalgae cultivation method, which can maximize the photosynthesis rate and the cellular oil content [20].…”

Section: Cultivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Energy Consumption in the Acquisition of Bio-Feedstock for Microalgae Biofuel Production

Chen

Zhang

2021

Sustainability

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Microalgae biofuel is expected to be an ideal alternative to fossil fuels to mitigate the effects of climate change and the energy crisis. However, the production process of microalgae biofuel is sometimes considered to be energy intensive and uneconomical, which limits its large-scale production. Several cultivation systems are used to acquire feedstock for microalgal biofuels production. The energy consumption of different cultivation systems is different, and the concentration of culture medium (microalgae cells contained in the unit volume of medium) and other properties of microalgae vary with the culture methods, which affects the energy consumption of subsequent processes. This review compared the energy consumption of different cultivation systems, including the open pond system, four types of closed photobioreactor (PBR) systems, and the hybrid cultivation system, and the energy consumption of the subsequent harvesting process. The biomass concentration and areal biomass production of every cultivation system were also analyzed. The results show that the flat-panel PBRs and the column PBRs are both preferred for large-scale biofuel production for high biomass productivity.

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Insights into upstream processing of microalgae: A review

Cited by 101 publications

References 133 publications

Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals from Microalgae: Main Product Classes and Biotechnological Production

Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals from Microalgae: Main Product Classes and Biotechnological Production

Microalgal Cell Biofactory—Therapeutic, Nutraceutical and Functional Food Applications

A Review of Energy Consumption in the Acquisition of Bio-Feedstock for Microalgae Biofuel Production

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