Insights into the Occurrence, Fate, and Impacts of Halogenated Flame Retardants in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Xu, Guofang; Zhao, Siyan; Zhao, Shuai; Chen, Chen; Rogers, Matthew J.; Ramaswamy, Rajaganesan

doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05681

Cited by 75 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 204 publications

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“…The challenges associated with this approach, include difficulty to recycle, leaching of the FRs into the environment and achieving a balance between properties of the product and flame resistance performance. 4 Since PA serves as FR additive for polymers, this overview will be limited on the addition of PA into polymer to enhance flame resistance performance. Different preparation techniques have been employed to introduce PA into various polymeric systems, as summarized in Table 1.…”

Section: Preparation Of Fire-retardant Polymer-pa Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incorporation of FRs into polymeric matrix is the commonly employed technique due to its cost effectiveness and the relatively ease of incorporation into different systems. The challenges associated with this approach, include difficulty to recycle, leaching of the FRs into the environment and achieving a balance between properties of the product and flame resistance performance 4 . Since PA serves as FR additive for polymers, this overview will be limited on the addition of PA into polymer to enhance flame resistance performance.…”

Section: Preparation Of Fire‐retardant Polymer‐pa Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past decades, halogenated flame-retardants (H-FRs) have been the most used, to endow polymers with FR property because of their efficiency and durability. 4 However, there are concerns associated with halogenated FRs, such as their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity to the environment and biota. 4,5 Moreover, H-FRs generate/release of harmful gases and smoke during combustion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 However, there are concerns associated with halogenated FRs, such as their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity to the environment and biota. 4,5 Moreover, H-FRs generate/release of harmful gases and smoke during combustion. It is essential that the flame-retarded product does not release toxic gases during combustion, since these toxic gases are, reported to be more dangerous than fires themselves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[13][14][15] PA has been employed as a suitable P-FR due to its decomposition at temperatures around 200 C, thereby promoting the dehydration of the carbon source to form a stable protective layer that acts as a barrier between the flame and the combustible material. 16 PA, also known as myoinositolhexaphosphoric, myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5,6)hexakishosphoric acid, or inositol hexaphophoric acid, is formed during the ripening of seeds and grains and contains a 6-C ring with 1 H and 1 phosphate. 12,17 Each phosphate is attached via an ester linkage and bears two replaceable hydrogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flame retardancy efficacy of phytic acid: An overview

Mokhena

Sadiku

Ray

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The article reviews the different methods of which, phytic acid (PA) can be employed as a flame retardant (FR) filler for different polymeric materials. The methods are critically discussed, based on the available literature and patents. Depending on the method used and the addition of FRs into a PA flame retarded system, different flame retarding modes of action and fire resistance performances are attained. The mechanism of action for PA‐based system remains similar to those observed in other phosphorus‐based FRs, namely, condensed and gas‐phase mechanisms.

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Section: Preparation Of Fire-retardant Polymer-pa Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preparation Of Fire‐retardant Polymer‐pa Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Flame retardancy efficacy of phytic acid: An overview

Mokhena

Sadiku

Ray

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Superconductivity and Pronounced Electron‐Phonon Coupling in Rock‐Salt Al_1−xO_1−x and Ti_1−xO_1−x

Žguns,

Gedik,

Yildiz

et al. 2024

Adv Elect Materials

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The highest ambient‐pressure Tc among binary compounds is 40 K (MgB2). Higher Tc is achieved in high‐pressure hydrides or multielement cuprates. Alternatively, are explored superconducting properties of binary, metastable sub‐oxides, that may emerge under extremely low oxygen partial pressure. The emphasis is on the rock‐salt structure, which is known to promote superconductivity, and exploring AlO, ScO, TiO, and NbO. Dynamic lattice stability is achieved by introducing metal and oxygen vacancies in the fashion of Nb1−xO1−x‐type structure (x = ¼). The electron‐phonon (e‐ph) coupling is remarkably large in Al1−xO1−x and Ti1−xO1−x (λ ≈ 2 at x = ¼), with Tc ≈ 35 K according to the Allen–Dynes equation. Significantly, the coupling strength is comparable to that in high‐pressure hydrides, yet, in contrast to hydrides and MgB2, the coupling is largely driven by low frequency phonons. Sc1−xO1−x and Nb1−xO1−x show significantly smaller λ and Tc. Further, hydrogen intercalation to boost λ and Tc is investigated. Only Ti1−x(O1−xHx) and Nb1−x(O1−xHx) are dynamically stable upon intercalation, where H, respectively, decreases and increases Tc. The effect of H doping on electronic structure and Tc is discussed. Altogether, the study suggests that metal sub‐oxides are promising compounds to achieve strong e‐ph coupling at ambient pressure.

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Anaerobic treatment removing tetrabromobisphenol A and biota safety: How do tropical aquatic species respond to effluent toxicity over short‐ and long‐term exposures?

Bernegossi,

Castro,

Felipe

et al. 2024

Water Environment Research

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Wastewater containing tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a commonly used flame retardant found in wastewater, can present significant toxic effects on biota, yet its impact on tropical freshwater environments is not well understood. This study explores the effectiveness of two independent anaerobic treatment systems, the acidogenic reactor (AR) and the methanogenic reactor (MR), for the ecotoxicity reduction of TBBPA‐rich wastewater in four tropical freshwater species. Despite presenting good physicochemical performance and reduced toxicity of the influent for most species, AR and MR treatments remain acute and chronic toxicity. Overall, MR exhibited greater efficacy in reducing influent toxicity compared with AR. TBBPA bioaccumulation was observed in Chironomus sancticaroli after short‐term exposure to 100% MR effluent. Multigenerational exposures highlighted changes in the wing length of C. sancticaroli, showing decreases after influent and AR exposures and increases after MR exposures. These findings underscore the need for ecotoxicological tools in studies of new treatment technologies, combining the removal of emerging contaminants with safeguarding aquatic biota.Practitioner Points Acidogenic and methanogenic reactors reduced the acute and chronic toxicity of wastewater containing tetrabromobisphenol A. Both treatments still exhibit toxicity, inducing short‐ and long‐term toxic effects on four native tropical species. The aquatic species Pristina longiseta was most sensitive to effluents from acidogenic and methanogenic reactors. TBBPA concentrations recovered from Chironomus sancticaroli bioaccumulation analysis ranged from 1.07 to 1.35 μg g−1. Evaluating new treatment technologies with multiple species bioassays is essential for a comprehensive effluent toxicity assessment and ensuring aquatic safety.

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Insights into the Occurrence, Fate, and Impacts of Halogenated Flame Retardants in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Cited by 75 publications

References 204 publications

Flame retardancy efficacy of phytic acid: An overview

Flame retardancy efficacy of phytic acid: An overview

Superconductivity and Pronounced Electron‐Phonon Coupling in Rock‐Salt Al_1−xO_1−x and Ti_1−xO_1−x

Anaerobic treatment removing tetrabromobisphenol A and biota safety: How do tropical aquatic species respond to effluent toxicity over short‐ and long‐term exposures?

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Insights into the Occurrence, Fate, and Impacts of Halogenated Flame Retardants in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Cited by 75 publications

References 204 publications

Flame retardancy efficacy of phytic acid: An overview

Flame retardancy efficacy of phytic acid: An overview

Superconductivity and Pronounced Electron‐Phonon Coupling in Rock‐Salt Al1−xO1−x and Ti1−xO1−x

Anaerobic treatment removing tetrabromobisphenol A and biota safety: How do tropical aquatic species respond to effluent toxicity over short‐ and long‐term exposures?

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Superconductivity and Pronounced Electron‐Phonon Coupling in Rock‐Salt Al_1−xO_1−x and Ti_1−xO_1−x