Insights into the mechanism of ethanol conversion into 1,3-butadiene on Zr-β zeolite

A study of the conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene: effects of chemical and structural heterogeneity on the activity of MgO–SiO2 mixed oxide catalysts

“…It is argued that these species are formed either via direct surface reaction between AL and ethanol, 11,90 or by Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reduction of CAD, which is obtained from AL by aldol addition and condensation. 13,55,91,92 Recently, Yang et al 28 successfully identified the aldol addition product 3-hydroxybutanal (i. e., acetaldol), the intermediate of CAD, but not under commonly used reaction conditions. We never detected acetaldol and never found CAD in the product mixture in concentration that could be considered as strong enough evidence for the role of CAD or CAD-like surface species as an intermediate of the ETB reaction.…”

“…Several studies have demonstrated that the increase of ETB activity was higher than that, which would have been simply proportional with the increase of specific surface area (SSA), induced by the modification. 31,39,40 Different types of high-SSA silica materials, such as SBA-15 18,24,31,[41][42][43][44][45] , SBA-16 31,33,36 , MCM-41 4,41 , MCM-48 41 , TUD-1 39,40,46,47 , COK-12 4 , Q-6, and KSMG 31 , as well as, zeolites, having the framework type LTA 48 and BEA 39,41,[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] , which zeolites were of high Si-to-Al ratio or were dealuminated, have been studied in the ETB reaction. The combination of high-SSA silica or silica-containing materials with magnesia gave catalysts of significant activity.…”

A kinetic study of ethanol coupling with acetaldehyde to 1,3‐butadiene over Zr‐β zeolite: insight into deactivation

“…According to the report of Zhang et al, 49 the MPV reduction reaction is the rate-determining step of the ETB reaction. The formation rate of BD was calculated by:…”

Production of 1,3-Butadiene from Ethanol Using Treated Zr-Based Catalyst

“…Also, treating Zr with oxalic acid gives well-coordinated acidic and basic surroundings if necessary. ZrO 2 , Zr/Si, and CaO/Zr-containing catalysts are usually used at a temperature of 300-425 • C, at standard pressure [10][11][12][13]. It was suggested that the catalyst activity could be correlated with the number of strong Brønsted acid sites in the catalyst.…”

“…This study examines the effect of a treated-Zr-based catalyst in the production of 1,3-butadiene. It also gives the relevant information on oxalic acid used in the treatment of each sample of the commercial catalyst [13,17]. The reason for selecting the Zr-based catalyst was its reactivity and stability over the Mg-based catalyst, since those are the catalysts at our disposal.…”