Insights into the Freiburg Anatomical Institute during National Socialism, 1933–1945

Hildebrandt, Sabine

doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2016.01.011

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The driving forces behind this increase in body donation remain unclear. Some evidence suggests that the refusal of government agencies to deliver unclaimed bodies without voluntary consent by the deceased as well as successful appeals by anatomists to the general public have been effective (Bolt et al, ; Hildebrandt, , ; Claes, ). Other influences may have been a change in public opinion due to better education, and the increasing success of modern medicine, especially transplantation medicine (Bolt et al, ; Wijbenga et al, ; Saha et al, ).…”

Section: Forms Of Willed Body Donation Programs In the 21st Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

BODIES R US: Ethical Views on the Commercialization of the Dead in Medical Education and Research

Champney

Hildebrandt

Jones

et al. 2018

Anatomical Sciences Ed

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With the ongoing and expanding use of willed bodies in medical education and research, there has been a concomitant rise in the need for willed bodies and an increase in the means of supplying these bodies. A relatively recent development to enlarge this supply has been the growth of for‐ profit willed body companies (“body brokers”) in the United States. These companies advertise for donors, cover all cremation and other fees for the donor, distribute the bodies or body parts nationally and internationally, and charge their users for access to the body or body parts. In doing so, they generate substantial profits. This review examines the historical development of willed body programs, the legal and economic aspects of willed body programs, and then provides an ethical framework for the use of willed bodies. The ethical principles described include detailed informed consent from the donors, comprehensive and transparent information about the process from the body donation organizations, and societal input on the proper and legal handling of willed bodies. Based on the ethical principles outlined, it is recommended that there be no commercialization or commodification of willed bodies, and that programs that use willed bodies should not generate profit.

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Section: Forms Of Willed Body Donation Programs In the 21st Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

BODIES R US: Ethical Views on the Commercialization of the Dead in Medical Education and Research

Champney

Hildebrandt

Jones

et al. 2018

Anatomical Sciences Ed

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“…Procuring cadavers for anatomy, however, faces many challenges, further overshadowed by the discipline's rather disturbing past in that respect (RICHARDSON, 2000;JONES, WHITAKER, 2009;QUIGLEY, 2012;PERSAUD, LOUKAS, TUBBS, 2014;HILDEBRANDT, 2016). Still, today, in many countries, cadavers are sourced from unclaimed bodies and even executed criminals (GANGATA et al, 2010;ANYANWU, UDEMEZUE, OBIKILI, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes of medical and allied medical students from Serbia toward whole body donation

Srdić-Galić¹,

Drvendžija²,

Štrkalj³

2016

Biosci. J.

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Anatomy, one of the key pre-clinical subjects in medical and allied medical disciplines, has traditionally relied on instruction based on the utilization of cadavers. Acquiring cadavers for anatomy education has presented a challenge in many countries. This challenge has been met through the organization of well informed and culturally sensitive body donation programs. Attitudes of the general population, medical professionals and students are important in devising these programs. The aim of this study was to investigate attitudes of medical and allied medical students from the University of Novi Sad toward whole body donation. A survey was carried out on the first and third year students enrolled in all degrees taught at the University and the sixth year medical students. A large number of respondents (87.38%) perceived cadavers as important in anatomy education. The majority of students (51.26%) would support the body donation of a stranger, while a much smaller proportion of respondents would become donors (19.51%) or support their family members (21.67%) to bequeath their body. There were differences in attitudes toward body donation related to respondents' year of study, ethnicity and religion. The main reasons for donation were altruistic, while the main reasons not to donate were lack of information and religious factors. Most of the respondents were in favor of introducing memorial services for the body donors. The results of the study highlight the importance of a culturally sensitive approach to students in the anatomy laboratories and the enrichment of anatomy education through the humanities. They also underscore the significance of well-organised and informative body donation programs.

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“…All anatomy departments worked with bodies of the executed, which were often those of young and healthy individuals, and this use was independent of the political convictions of the anatomists. At this point, the delivery of 3963 bodies of executed persons to 21 departments of anatomy has been documented, most of whom are known by name (updated statistics from Hildebrandt, 2016aHildebrandt, , 2016b. Following first systematic reconstructions of biographies of victims by historian Hans-Joachim Lang (Lang, 2007), a study of the biographies of 182 persons, mostly women, whose bodies Hermann Stieve dissected, revealed that they were to a majority of reproductive age, most of them were of German nationality and convicted to death for treason or minor offences such as theft.…”

Section: Anatomical Body Procurement In Nazi Germanymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In postwar Germany, body donation programs became a necessity for anatomy, as the use of unclaimed bodies was no longer condoned or supported by the German or Austrian public and the municipal authorities (Hildebrandt, 2013d(Hildebrandt, , 2016b; for a detailed analysis of the situation in Bavaria see: Schütz, 2019; situation in Frankfurt/Main see: Weiss, Benzenhöfer, Hack-Molitor, Schomerus, & Wicht, 2021). While today donated bodies from willed body programs are the main source in anatomy education in many countries, this is-for various reasons-not the case worldwide, where anatomists use the unclaimed or imported bodies from abroad (Habicht, Kiessling, & Winkelmann, 2018).…”

Section: Bodies In Anatomy Education and Their Further Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Books, bones and bodies: The relevance of the history of anatomy in Nazi Germany for medical education today

Hildebrandt

2021

The Anatomical Record

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The history of anatomy in Nazi Germany highlights the consequences to humanity when the destructive potentials immanent to all science and medicine are enabled by an anti-democratic, totalitarian regime. Anatomy presents an example of ethical transgressions by scientists and health care professionals that were amplified in the criminal political climate of the Nazi regime. This can happen anywhere, as science is never apolitical. This article gives a short account of anatomy in Nazi Germany, which is followed by an outline of the tangible and intangible legacies from this history, to then discuss implications for anatomy education today. While Jewish and politically dissident anatomists were forced out of their positions and country by the Nazi regime, the majority of the remaining anatomists joined the Nazi party and used bodies of Nazi victims for education and research. Some anatomists even performed deadly human experiments. Patterns and legacies that emerge from this history can be traced into the present and concern research ethics in general and anatomical body procurement specifically. They shed light on current practices and controversies in the anatomical sciences, including anthropology. It will be argued here that the history of anatomy in Nazi Germany can inform current anatomy education in a concept of anatomy as the first "clinical discipline." By integrating insights from the history of anatomy into the learning process, anatomy education can model an approach to medicine that includes a full appreciation of the shared humanity of medical practitioners and patients. K E Y W O R D Sanatomical body procurement, anatomy in Nazi Germany, ethics of anatomy, history of anatomy, humanities in anatomy education

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Insights into the Freiburg Anatomical Institute during National Socialism, 1933–1945

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

BODIES R US: Ethical Views on the Commercialization of the Dead in Medical Education and Research

BODIES R US: Ethical Views on the Commercialization of the Dead in Medical Education and Research

Attitudes of medical and allied medical students from Serbia toward whole body donation

Books, bones and bodies: The relevance of the history of anatomy in Nazi Germany for medical education today

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