“…As illustrated in Figure f, a remarkably enhanced peak current is observed in Ru SA/GFs, significantly surpassing that of Ru NP/GFs. The electrochemically active area of Ru SA/GFs (0.06885 cm 2 ) is larger than that of Ru NP/GFs (0.05627 cm 2 ), which is obtained following the Randles–Sevcik equation I p = 2.69 × 10 5 A D 1 / 2 n 3 / 2 ν 1 / 2 c where I p represents the peak current (A), n is the electron transfer number, c denotes the probe concentration (mol cm –3 ), v stands for the scan rate (V s –1 ), D is the diffusion coefficient, and A stands for the working electrode area (cm 2 ). In addition, a range of various modified electrodes’ interfacial electron transfer rates ( k s ) are subsequently examined employing Laviron’s equation , log nobreak0em0.25em k s = α 0.25em log ( 1 − α ) + ( 1 − α ) log nobreak0em0.25em α − log ( italicRT nF ν ) − α ( 1 − α ) italicnF normalΔ E p 2.3 italicRT where Δ E p denotes the redox peak separation, R , v , n , α , and F are the same as the above Laviron’s equation.…”