Insights into the Biological Roles of Artichoke Extracts: Implications in Intestinal, Cardiovascular, and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Abstract

Several chronic diseases derive from metabolic, genetic, or inflammatory causes and often these causes are interconnected. Pharmacological treatments, although effective, often lead to unpleasant side effects. In this context, preventive approaches are of growing interest. The literature data of recent years support that the dietary intake of bioactive compounds can positively influence the biological functions of an organism.
 Among the bioactive compounds in the diet, polyphenols are widely recognized for their beneficial effects on health, as useful compounds for preventing/combating a series of pathologies related to lifestyle, metabolism, and aging. The artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.), a member of the Asteraceae family, is widely used in the food and herbal medicine fields for its beneficial properties. Artichokes are rich in polyphenols (including cynarin), flavonoids and their derivatives, and, for this reason, they have aroused interest in their pharmacological properties. The best-known activity of polyphenols is antioxidant activity. Through it, they help to neutralize free radicals, preventing cellular damage and the subsequent risk of conditions such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Related to the antioxidant action we find the anti-inflammatory activity. This is an important benefit since chronic inflammation is a cause or contributory cause of many chronic diseases. 
 Although many scientific results are of great interest and potential, there are still gaps to be filled. 
 In this review, we report and discuss new insights providing documented evidence regarding the benefits of the artichoke compounds and their possible use to support the pharmacological treatment of pathologies associated with inflammation.