Insights into opium poppy (Papaver spp.) genetic diversity from genotyping-by-sequencing analysis

Abstract

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is one of the world’s oldest medicinal plants and a versatile model system to study secondary metabolism. However, our knowledge of its genetic diversity is limited, restricting utilization of the available germplasm for research and crop improvement. We used genotyping-by-sequencing to investigate the extent of genetic diversity and population structure in a collection of poppy germplasm consisting of 91 accessions originating in 30 countries of Europe, North Africa, America, and Asia. We identified five genetically distinct subpopulations using discriminate analysis of principal components and STRUCTURE analysis. Most accessions obtained from the same country were grouped together within subpopulations, likely a consequence of the restriction on movement of poppy germplasm. Alkaloid profiles of accessions were highly diverse, with morphine being dominant. Phylogenetic analysis identified genetic groups that were largely consistent with the subpopulations detected and that could be differentiated broadly based on traits such as number of branches and seed weight. These accessions and the associated genotypic data are valuable resources for further genetic diversity analysis, which could include definition of poppy core sets to facilitate genebank management and use of the diversity for genetic improvement of this valuable crop.

Interpol Review of Drug Analysis 2019-2022

“…2020 procedures for DNA extraction from Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and Poppy Seed-containing products [ 462 ]; comparative cp genome analyses to study the evolutionary pattern in Papaveracea [ 463 ]; MALDI-MS method for detection of opiates in Papaver somniferum [ 464 ]; new EST-SSR markers for individual genotyping Opium Poppy Cultivars (Papaver somniferum L.) [ 465 ]; development of a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method for the quantification of opium poppy DNA, evaluation of three commercial DNA extraction kits for their ability to isolate DNA from poppy seeds, and evaluation of nineteen opium poppy short tandem repeat (STR) markers for their use in a forensic identification panel [ 466 ]; 2021 characterization of a novel variable number tandem repeat markers of forensically important poppy species based on the genetic analysis of 164 samples collected in South Korea [ 467 ]; genomic analysis of P. somniferum [ 468 ]; genomic characterization of California poppy using the draft genome sequence [ 469 ]genomic profiling of WRKY genes involved in Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid biosynthesis in California poppy [ 470 ]; 2022 molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of Papaver based on ITS2 barcoding to detect and identify P. somniferum as well as common adulterants of the same genus [ 471 ]; genotyping-by-sequencing to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure in a collection of poppy germplasm consisting of 91 accessions originating in 30 countries of Europe, North Africa, America, and Asia [ 472 ]; IsoSeq on opium poppy to improve the gene annotation [ 473 ]; eleven simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers and two single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were mined to distinguish opium poppy from other six Papaver species [ 474 ].…”

Morphometrics of waterlogged archaeological seeds give new insights into the domestication and spread of Papaver somniferum L. in Western Europe

“…somniferum ssp. setigerum being mostly tetraploid whilst the cultivar is diploid [ 21 , 22 ]. Accessions of P .…”

Alkaloid binding to opium poppy major latex proteins triggers structural modification and functional aggregation

“…Opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum ) is a member of the Papaveraceae, one of several families within the Ranunculales order known for the substantial accumulation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). Although the opium poppy is thought to originate from the Mediterranean region, its domestication dates back to the Neolithic era has resulted in global cultivation for both licit and illicit agriculture 10 . Opium poppy accumulates BIAs in a phloem-associated network of laticifers with morphine, codeine, and thebaine, along with the non-opiates papaverine and noscapine, as the most abundant alkaloids.…”