“…Aerobic granulation is a gradual process from seed sludge to dense aggregates, granular sludge, and finally compact mature granule (Tay et al, 2001a). Some important factors recommended to successfully cultivate aerobic granules from activated sludge are: high organic loading rate (Liu et al, 2003a;Moy et al, 2002); high hydrodynamic shear force (Chen et al, 2008;Tay et al, 2001b); relative short settling time (Adav et al, 2009;Beau et al, 1999;Morgenroth et al, 1997;Qin et al, 2004a;; optimized hydraulic retention time (HRT) (Beau et al, 1999;Tay et al, 2002a;; Feast-Famine regime or short time starvation ; high exchange ratio (Wang et al, 2006c); short discharge time (Wang, 2007), and addition of Fe to assist the formation of granule core (Tsuneda et al, 2004). All of the above factors could also affect the cultivation of granules in reject water.…”