Insights Into Knowledge Representation: The Influence of Amodal and Perceptual Variables on Event Knowledge Retrieval From Memory

Abstract

Event sequences or scripts are the conceptual representations of activities in memory. Traditional views hold that events are represented in amodal networks and are retrieved by associative strategies. The embodied cognition approach holds that knowledge is grounded in perception and retrieved by mental simulation. We used a script generation task where event sequences of activities had to be produced. Activities varied in their degree of familiarity. In a regressional design we investigated whether amodal or perceptual variables best predicted knowledge retrieval to gain insight into the underlying representation. Retrieval depended on the familiarity of the activity. While novel activities mainly relied on perception-based simulation and to a lesser extent on associative strategies, moderately familiar activities showed the opposite pattern, and events of familiar activities were retrieved by association alone. We conclude that amodal structures exist in all representations that become stronger with increasing frequency and finally prevail over perceptual structures.

The role of temporal properties on the detection of temporal violations: insights from pupillometry

“…Event triplets consisted of three component events taken from event sequences of everyday activities that had been produced and standardized in a script-generation task (Raisig et al 2009). In the standardization, participants agreed upon the order as well as the temporal position of the events, making it possible to sample obvious beginning and end events.…”

I spy with my little eye: Detection of temporal violations in event sequences and the pupillary response

“…Event triplets consisted of three component events from event sequences that had been produced and standardized in a script generation task (Raisig et al, 2009). The events were arranged to produce four conditions with temporal violations at different points within the triplet.…”

Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Storytelling

“…Early researchers attempted to handcraft script knowledge (Mueller, 1999;Gordon, 2001). Another line of research focuses on the collection of scenario-specific script knowledge in form of event sequence descriptions (ESDs) via crowdsourcing, (Singh et al, 2002;Gupta and Kochenderfer, 2004;Li et al, 2012;Raisig et al, 2009;Regneri et al, 2010;Wanzare et al, 2016)). ESDs are sequences of short sentences, in bullet style, describing how a given scenario is typically realized.…”

“…For example, Kasch and Oates (2010) and Rahimtoroghi et al (2016) propose and evaluate a method that automatically creates event schemas, extracted from scenario-specific texts. Ostermann et al (2017) (Regneri, 2013) 53 2500 OMICS (Singh et al, 2002) 175 9044 Raisig et al (2009) 30 450 Li et al (2012) 9 500 DeScript (Wanzare et al, 2016) 40 4000 tify and label mentions of events from specific scenarios in corresponding texts. Finally, Ostermann et al (2018b) present an end-to-end evaluation framework that assesses the performance of machine comprehension models using script knowledge.…”