Insights From fMRI Studies Into Ingroup Bias

Molenberghs, Pascal; Louis, Winnifred R.

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01868

Cited by 59 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…On a biological level, the consolidation of new identity to action links are underpinned by the neuroscience of intergroup relations (Molenberghs & Louis, 2018) and collective action (Zak & Barraza, 2013). For the purposes of this article, such work is still in its infancy: It does not explore the multivariate complexity of choices among collective actors' tactics for example.…”

Section: Efforts Can Rekindlementioning

confidence: 99%

The Volatility of Collective Action: Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Data

Louis

Thomas

McGarty

et al. 2020

Political Psychology

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Collective action is volatile: characterized by swift, unexpected changes in intensity, target, and forms. We conduct a detailed exploration of four reasons that these changes occur. First, action is about identities which are fluid, contested, and multifaceted. As the content of groups’ identities change, so do the specific norms for the identities. Second, social movements adopt new tactics, or forms of collective action. Tactical changes may arise from changes in identity, but also changes in the target or opponent groups, and changes in the relationships with targets and with other actors. Factions or wings of a group in conflict may in turn form identities based on opposition or support for differing tactics. Third, social movements change because participant motivation ebbs, surges, and also changes in quality (e.g., becoming more subjectively autonomous, or self‐determined). Finally, political social change occurs within socio‐political structures; these structures implicate higher‐level norms, which both constrain and emerge from actions (e.g., state openness or repression). Our analysis presents idealized and descriptive models of these relationships, and a new model to examine tactical changes empirically, the DIME model. This model highlights that collective actors can Disidentify after failure (giving up and walking away); they can Innovate, or try something new; and they can commit harder, convinced that they are right, with increased moral urgency (Moralization) and redoubled efforts (Energization).

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Section: Efforts Can Rekindlementioning

confidence: 99%

The Volatility of Collective Action: Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Data

Louis

Thomas

McGarty

et al. 2020

Political Psychology

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“…One piece of evidence for this is the well-known feature of human behavior: ingroup bias. The feeling of group belongingness is known to bias empathy and helping attitudes among diverse social groups (Molenberghs, 2013;Cikara and Van Bavel, 2014;Hackel et al, 2017;Molenberghs and Louis, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventral Caudate and Anterior Insula Recruitment During Value Estimation of Passionate Rewarding Cues

et al. 2020

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Wanting", a component of reward processing, is a motivational property that guides decision making in goal-oriented behavior. This includes behavior aiming at supporting relational bonds, even at the group level. Accordingly, group belongingness works as this motivational property, which is fundamentally different from romantic or maternal love. While primary rewards (or learned associations, such as money) have been largely used to study the conceptual framework associated with "wanting," other cues triggering behavior, such as passionate motives, are less well-studied. We investigated the neural correlates of value estimation of a passion-driven incentive in neuropsychologically defined football fans. We asked the participants (n = 57) to compute the value of football tickets (the cues that trigger passionate behavior in this "tribal love" context). The trials were all different, comprising tickets for different matches. The participants had no restrictions on the amount to be introduced. This enabled a parametric functional magnetic resonance imaging design based on the explicit estimated value given by the participants in a trial-by-trial approach. Using a whole-brain approach (to prevent biased focus on value-related regions), only the activity in the ventral caudate and left anterior insula showed a critical relationship with the reported value. Higher normalized values led to more activity in the striatum and left insula. The parametric map shows that these regions encode the magnitude of incentive by indexing self-relevant value. Other regions were involved in value computation, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, but did not exhibit parametric patterns. The involvement of the nucleus accumbens in value estimation was only found in region of interest-based analysis, which emphasizes the role of the ventral caudate for the presently studied social "reinforcer" cue.

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“…Extensions to neuroscience research have been made increasingly apparent (for a recent 117 review see Molenberghs and Louis, 2018;Hackel et al, 2017). A recent example comes from 118 Lin et al, (2018), who found that after participants rated emotional stimuli in the scanner, 119 they were more likely to change their evaluations to be more similar to the evaluations other 120 in-group members made compared to the out-group.…”

Section: Introduction 48mentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating the role of the posterior medial frontal cortex in social conflict processing

et al. 2019

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A fundamental function of the brain is learning via new information. Studies investigating the 22 neural basis of information-based learning processes indicate an important role played by the 23 posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) in representing conflict between an individual's 24 expectation and new information. However, specific function of the pMFC in this process 25 remains relatively indistinct. Particularly, it's unclear whether the pMFC plays a role in the 26 detection of conflict of incoming information, or the update of their belief after new 27 information is provided. In an fMRI scanner, twenty-eight Japanese students viewed 28 scenarios depicting various pro-social/anti-social behaviors. Participants rated how likely 29 Japanese and South Korean students would perform each behavior, followed by feedback of 30 the actual likelihood. They were then asked to rerate the scenarios after the fMRI session. 31 Participants updated their second estimates based on feedback, with estimate changes more 32 pronounced for favorable feedback (e.g., higher likelihood of pro-social behavior than 33 expected) despite nationality, indicating participants were willing to view other people 34 favorably. The fMRI results demonstrated activity in a part of the pMFC, the dorsomedial 35 prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), was correlated with social conflict (difference between 36 participant's estimate and actual likelihood), but not the corresponding belief update. 37 Importantly, activity in a different part within the dmPFC was more sensitive to unfavorable 38 trials compared to favorable trials. These results indicate sensitivity in the pMFC (at least 39 within the dmPFC) relates to conflict between desirable outcomes versus reality, as opposed 40 to the associated update of belief. 41 42

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Insights From fMRI Studies Into Ingroup Bias

Cited by 59 publications

References 94 publications

The Volatility of Collective Action: Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Data

The Volatility of Collective Action: Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Data

Ventral Caudate and Anterior Insula Recruitment During Value Estimation of Passionate Rewarding Cues

Elucidating the role of the posterior medial frontal cortex in social conflict processing

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