Insights and guidance for offshore CO2 storage monitoring based on the QICS, ETI MMV, and STEMM-CCS projects

Dean, Marcella; Blackford, Jerry; Connelly, Douglas P.; Hines, Rob

doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2020.103120

Cited by 46 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Compared to analyses that only consider the MSR A region, this method increases the area of the multibeam fan available for analysis by 53%. For shallow gas detection, the ability to monitor for gas reliably and efficiently is a critical component of monitoring programs such as for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) (Blackford et al, 2014;Dean et al, 2020). The variation of parameters presented in the results (Table 2) demonstrates the effectiveness of the method for correctly classifying gas seeps (100% confidence out to 44 °) while also minimizing the rate of false-positive classifications (4 false positives out of 187 survey lines, ~2% false-detection rate).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended Detection of Shallow Water Gas Seeps From Multibeam Echosounder Water Column Data

Nau

Scoulding

Kloser

et al. 2022

Front. Remote Sens.

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Multibeam echosounder water column data provides a three-dimensional image of features between the water surface and the seafloor. Although this swath of acoustic data can be collected over a wide range of angles, most of the data, at least beyond the range to the first seafloor return, is contaminated by noise created by receiver array sidelobe interference. As a result, the water column data beyond the minimum slant range commonly is excluded from analysis. This paper demonstrates a method to consistently filter and extract targets comprising a gas seep feature across the multibeam swath, including targets within the areas dominated by receiver array sidelobe interference. For each sample range, data are filtered based on the mean plus a certain number (k) of standard deviations of the sample values along that range. The filtering is coupled with a morphological classification to retain only targets of interest while excluding background data and noise. Data were collected over a shallow water artificial gas seep using two different flow rates and at three different vessel speeds. Using the proposed method, 119 of 124 test seeps were identified correctly. Seep targets were identified at all angles across the water column fan up to beam pointing angles of 55°, with 19 of 23 seeps being correctly identified at angles greater than 50°. This method demonstrates that features can be extracted and geolocated in the sidelobe noise when the interference is appropriately filtered. These results will improve the areal extent of multibeam surveys and increase the utility of acoustic data in capturing information on water column targets directly above the seafloor.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended Detection of Shallow Water Gas Seeps From Multibeam Echosounder Water Column Data

Nau

Scoulding

Kloser

et al. 2022

Front. Remote Sens.

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“…A number of research projects have addressed strategies for marine GCS monitoring, providing guidance about how to monitor the marine environment in sufficient detail without prohibitive costs [4,7,[11][12][13][14][15]. Considering that the probability of leakage from a well-planned CO 2 storage site is considered low [5,6], it is generally not necessary or economically sound to monitor the entire region in detail over an extended period of time.…”

Section: Strategies For Marine Gcs Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lab on a chip (LOC) technology was developed to enable standard wet laboratory procedures in situ, using a miniaturized chip [47,48], thereby significantly reducing the intensive post-analysis workload. While an ISFET pH sensor based on the LOC technology is commercially available, additional LOC sensors to measure the total alcalinity (TA) and nutrients were demonstrated during a controlled release experiment in the North Sea carried out as part of the STEMM-CCS project [7]. The eddy covariance method has been used for some time to detect and quantify CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere [49,50].…”

Section: Emerging Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Still, monitoring is required to verify long-term storage, and to detect and quantify leakage if it should occur [2]. Primary monitoring methods for offshore CO 2 storage include in-well measurements of pressure and temperature, and seismic imaging targeting the reservoir and overburden [4,7,8]. The spatial extent and evolution of the CO 2 plume inside the reservoir can be mapped using time lapse seismics, as demonstrated for the Sleipner site [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Marine Monitoring for Offshore Geological Carbon Storage—A Review of Strategies, Technologies and Trends

et al. 2021

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) could significantly contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reaching international climate goals. In this process, CO2 is captured and injected into geological formations for permanent storage. The injected plume and its migration within the reservoir is carefully monitored, using geophysical methods. While it is considered unlikely that the injected CO2 should escape the reservoir and reach the marine environment, marine monitoring is required to verify that there are no indications of leakage, and to detect and quantify leakage if it should occur. Marine monitoring is challenging because of the considerable area to be covered, the limited spatial and temporal extent of a potential leakage event, and the considerable natural variability in the marine environment. In this review, we summarize marine monitoring strategies developed to ensure adequate monitoring of the marine environment without introducing prohibitive costs. We also provide an overview of the many different technologies applicable to different aspects of marine monitoring of geologically stored carbon. Finally, we identify remaining knowledge gaps and indicate expected directions for future research.

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“…1). The details of different aspects of this unique experiment have been described elsewhere (e.g., Connelly et al, 2019;Dean et al, 2020;Esposito et al, 2021;Flohr et al, 2021). The experiment was carried out at the Goldeneye site (58 • N, 0.4 • W) in the North Sea where a controlled mixture of CO 2 and tracer gases was released into the sediments at 3 m below the seafloor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Quantification of CO <sub>2</sub> Seepage in Seawater Using the Stoichiometric Cseep Method: Results from a Recent Subsea CO <sub>2</sub> Release Experiment in the North Sea

et al. 2021

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Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a potential significant mitigation strategy to combat climate change and ocean acidification. The technology is well understood but its current implementation must be scaled up nearly by a hundredfold to become an effective tool that helps meet mitigation targets. Regulations require monitoring and verification at storage sites, and reliable monitoring strategies for detection and quantification of seepage of the stored carbon need to be developed. The C seep method was developed for reliable determination of CO 2 seepage signal in seawater by estimating and filtering out natural variations in dissolved inorganic carbon (C). In this work, we analysed data from the first-ever subsea CO 2 release experiment performed in the north-western North Sea by the EU STEMM− CCS project. We successfully demonstrated the ability of the C seep method to (i) predict natural C variations around the Goldeneye site over seasonal to interannual time scales; (ii) establish a process-based baseline C concentration with minimal variability; (iii) determine CO 2 seepage detection threshold (DT) to reliably differentiate released− CO 2 signal from natural variability and quantify released− CO 2 dissolved in the sampled seawater. DT values were around 20 % of the natural C variations indicating high sensitivity of the method. Moreover, with the availability of DT value, the identification of released− CO 2 required no preknowledge of seepage occurrence, but we used additional available information to assess the confidence of the results. Overall, the C seep method features high sensitivity, automation suitability, and represents a powerful future monitoring tool both for large and confined marine areas.

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Insights and guidance for offshore CO2 storage monitoring based on the QICS, ETI MMV, and STEMM-CCS projects

Cited by 46 publications

References 36 publications

Extended Detection of Shallow Water Gas Seeps From Multibeam Echosounder Water Column Data

Extended Detection of Shallow Water Gas Seeps From Multibeam Echosounder Water Column Data

Marine Monitoring for Offshore Geological Carbon Storage—A Review of Strategies, Technologies and Trends

Detection and Quantification of CO <sub>2</sub> Seepage in Seawater Using the Stoichiometric Cseep Method: Results from a Recent Subsea CO <sub>2</sub> Release Experiment in the North Sea

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