Insight of oral vaccines as an alternative approach to health and disease management: An innovative intuition and challenges

Abstract

Vaccination is the most suitable and persuasive healthcare program for the prohibition of various deadly diseases. However, the higher production cost and purification strategies are out of reach for the developing nations. In this scenario, development of edible vaccine turns out to be the most promising alternative for remodeling the pharmaceutical industry with reduced production and purification costs. Generally, oral route of vaccination is mostly preferred due to its safety, compliance, low manufacturing cost and most importantly the ability to induce immunity in both systemic and mucosal sites. Genetically modified microorganisms and plants could efficiently be used as vehicles for edible vaccines. Edible vaccines are supposed to reduce the risk associated with traditional vaccines. Currently, oral vaccines are available in the market for several viral and bacterial diseases like cholera, hepatitis B, malaria, rabies etc. Herein, the review focuses on the breakthrough events in the area of edible vaccines associated with dietary microbes and plants for better control over diseases.

Designer probiotics: Opening the new horizon in diagnosis and prevention of human diseases

“…One such strategy is the development of designer probiotics, which have a few preferences including increased specificity, and controlled discharge of antimicrobial components. Additionally, genetically modified probiotics have been developed for the mucosal conveyance of helpful and prophylactic particles including DNA, peptides, single‐chain variable pieces, cytokines, catalysts, and allergens (Debnath, Thakur, et al, 2021; Wells, 2011). There are tools and methods used to design probiotics such as cloning and expressing toxin‐specific host cell receptors on probiotics thereby reducing the chances of toxin binding to host cells.…”

“…Researchers are actively investigating the use of designer probiotics as oral vaccines. By utilizing genetically modified probiotics, it may be possible to enhance their efficacy and develop more targeted and effective treatments for a range of diseases (Chua et al, 2017; Debnath, Thakur, et al, 2021). Mucosal sites in the body play an important role in the body's immune reactions and targeting this site with designer probiotics may improve the efficacy of the vaccine (Shen et al, 2022).…”

Plants against cancer: the immune-boosting herbal microbiome: not of the plant, but in the plant. Basic concepts, introduction, and future resource for vaccine adjuvant discovery

“…( 115 , 120 , 121 ). Edible MAMPS (zymogen or other) reaching the GI would evoke the transfer of enemy antigenic data through M cells to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which then travel to the mesenteric lymph node ( 122 ) concomitant to lamina propria APC dendritic cell branching to systemic lymphatic vessels ( 75 , 123 – 125 ) evoking T cell clonal expansion ( 126 – 128 ). Moreover, oral administration of MAMPS, like LPS, may enter into blood circulation through lipid absorption or chylomicrons by intestinal epithelial cells ( 50 ) triggering systemic innate and acquired immune system response as evidenced in mammals ( 75 ).…”

Probiotics as multifaceted oral vaccines against colon cancer: A review

“…Traditional live vaccines usually demand lower storage temperatures before administration ( 73 , 74 ). In addition, traditional vaccinations are developed using attenuated strains of pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella, Mycobacterium, and Bacillus, which have a number of drawbacks, including the possibility of attenuated strains reverting to virulent forms inside the body ( 75 ). The attenuated forms of vaccines also result in eliciting additional immune response in individual, hence weakening the effect of vaccine.…”