Insight into the specific virulence related genes and toxin-antitoxin virulent pathogenicity islands in swine streptococcosis pathogen Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus strain ATCC35246

Ma, Zhe; Geng, Jianing; Li, Yang; Xu, Bin; Jia, Ruoyu; Li, Yue; Meng, Qingshu; Fan, Hongjie; Hu, Songnian

doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-377

Cited by 25 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…TA systems are omnipresent on mobile genetic elements that have been found in many pathogenic bacteria and that are involved in antibiotic resistance and virulence as pathogenicity islands (Ma et al ., ). One of the main functions of TA systems is to stabilize and maintain the plasmid population, such as the mvpA‐mvpt (VapBC) on a Shigella flexneri virulence plasmid Pmysh6000 (Sayeed et al ., ) and HigBA in Proteus vulgaris (Hurley & Woychik, ).…”

Section: Toxin–antitoxin System and Virulencementioning

confidence: 97%

Toxin-Antitoxin systems: their role in persistence, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity

2014

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One of the most pertinent recent outcomes of molecular microbiology efforts to understand bacterial behavior is the discovery of a wide range of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems that are tightly controlling bacterial persistence. While TA systems were originally linked to control over the genetic material, for example plasmid maintenance, it is now clear that they are involved in essential cellular processes like replication, gene expression, and cell wall synthesis. Toxin activity is induced stochastically or after environmental stimuli, resulting in silencing of the above-mentioned biological processes and entry in a dormant state. In this minireview, we highlight the recent developments in research on these intriguing systems with a focus on their role in biofilms and in bacterial virulence. We discuss their potential as targets in antimicrobial drug discovery.

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Section: Toxin–antitoxin System and Virulencementioning

confidence: 97%

Toxin-Antitoxin systems: their role in persistence, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity

2014

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“…In case where multiple strains of one bacterial species were found to be carrying the gene of interest on PAIs, only single strain was taken into account for tree construction. Fic protein from strain MM was selected for its significant association with pathogenesis 57 as well as its frequent occurrence on PAIs in other pathogenic bacterial lineages (n = 9). PAIs from strain LMG16121 were characterized by the repeated presence (n = 9) of ORFs encoding for proteins involved in cell-wall biogenesis out of which D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase was chosen for its association with PAIs of other pathogenic bacteria (n = 5).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

(Meta)genomic insights into the pathogenome of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans

Sharma

Gilbert

Lal

2016

Sci Rep

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Despite having serious clinical manifestations, Cellulosimicrobium cellulans remain under-reported with only three genome sequences available at the time of writing. Genome sequences of C. cellulans LMG16121, C. cellulans J36 and Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain MM were used to determine distribution of pathogenicity islands (PAIs) across C. cellulans, which revealed 49 potential marker genes with known association to human infections, e.g. Fic and VbhA toxin-antitoxin system. Oligonucleotide composition-based analysis of orthologous proteins (n = 791) across three genomes revealed significant negative correlation (P < 0.05) between frequency of optimal codons (Fopt) and gene G+C content, highlighting the G+C-biased gene conversion (gBGC) effect across Cellulosimicrobium strains. Bayesian molecular-clock analysis performed on three virulent PAI proteins (Fic; D-alanyl-D-alanine-carboxypeptidase; transposase) dated the divergence event at 300 million years ago from the most common recent ancestor. Synteny-based annotation of hypothetical proteins highlighted gene transfers from non-pathogenic bacteria as a key factor in the evolution of PAIs. Additonally, deciphering the metagenomic islands using strain MM’s genome with environmental data from the site of isolation (hot-spring biofilm) revealed (an)aerobic respiration as population segregation factor across the in situ cohorts. Using reference genomes and metagenomic data, our results highlight the emergence and evolution of PAIs in the genus Cellulosimicrobium.

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“…The strain HA9801 (S. suis type 2) was isolated from a pig with septicemia in Jiangsu Province, China, in 1998 (42), and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus ATCC 35246 was isolated from a dead pig with septicemia in Sichuan Province, China (43). Both strains are strongly virulent strains that can infect pigs (43,44), indicating that Ply30 has the potential to protect against infections by these two bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…zooepidemicus ATCC 35246 was isolated from a dead pig with septicemia in Sichuan Province, China (43). Both strains are strongly virulent strains that can infect pigs (43,44), indicating that Ply30 has the potential to protect against infections by these two bacteria. The activities of lysins against a species are usually higher than that of the parental phage (24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prophage Lysin Ply30 Protects Mice from Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Infections

Tang

Wang

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus are capable of infecting humans and various animals, causing significant problems for the worldwide swine industry. As antibiotic resistance has increased, lysosomal enzymes encoded by phages have shown potential for use against pathogenic bacteria. In this study, a novel bacteriophage lysin, Ply30, encoded by the S. suis prophage phi30c, was recombinantly expressed and purified. Ply30 showed high bacteriolysis activity on S. suis and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus in vitro. The ratio of the optical density at 600 nm (OD 600 ) with treatment versus the OD 600 with no treatment for most tested S. suis and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains decreased from 1 to <0.3 and <0.5, respectively, within 1 h. The results of plate viability assays showed that treated bacteria suffered a 1-to 2-log decrease in CFU within 1 h. The optimal concentration of Ply30 was 50 g/ml, and the optimal pH was 7. Moreover, Ply30 maintained high activity over a wide pH range (pH 6 to 10). The MICs of Ply30 against Streptococcus strains ranged from 16 to 512 g/ml. In vivo, a 2-mg dose of Ply30 protected 90% (9/10 mice) of mice from infection with S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus and 80% (8/10 mice) of mice from infection with S. suis. Seven days after lysin Ply30 treatment, bacterial loads were significantly decreased in all tested organs and blood compared with those at 1 h postinfection without Ply30 treatment. Ply30 showed in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial efficiency and protected mice against two kinds of bacterial infections, indicating that Ply30 may be an effective therapeutic against streptococci. Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus are emerging zoonotic, pathogenic, Gram-positive bacteria capable of infecting humans and various animals, such as horses, pigs, ruminants, guinea pigs, monkeys, cats, and dogs (1-3). S. suis can cause septicemia, arthritis, and meningitis in pigs (4). Liu et al. identified 33 serotypes (serotypes 1 to 31, 33, and 1/2) of S. suis according to the variation of capsular antigens (5, 6). Two outbreaks of S. suis have occurred in China. One was in Sichuan Province in July 2005, with 215 humans infected. The other was in Jiangsu Province, in 1998, and 25 humans were involved, 14 of whom died (7-9). By the end of 2012, 1,584 cases had been reported in the literature, most of which were associated with pigs and human infections (10). Besides S. suis, S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus is another important pathogen that can cause upper respiratory tract disease in pigs and rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis in humans (11, 12). S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus shares Ͼ80% DNA sequence similarity and important virulence factors with Streptococcus pyogenes (13). The sequelae of S. pyogenes infections and the symptoms caused by S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus are also similar (12). In recent years, several outbreaks of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections have been reported in different countries (11,14,15).The main and conventional prev...

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Insight into the specific virulence related genes and toxin-antitoxin virulent pathogenicity islands in swine streptococcosis pathogen Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus strain ATCC35246

Cited by 25 publications

References 67 publications

Toxin-Antitoxin systems: their role in persistence, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity

Toxin-Antitoxin systems: their role in persistence, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity

(Meta)genomic insights into the pathogenome of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans

Prophage Lysin Ply30 Protects Mice from Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Infections

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