The microstructure, electrical energy band, and photocatalytic
properties of carbon nitride were regulated and characterized by X-ray
diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission
electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET), and UV–vis methods. Using oxygen-containing functionalization,
equivalent overpotentials for oxygen and hydrogen production were
realized in porous and amorphous carbon nitride with a constant narrow
band gap. As the valence band position in such carbon nitride changes
only from +1.51 to +1.67 eV with the increase in oxygen-containing
functional groups, the oxygen production increased from 5.5 to 9.3
μmol with 3 h of irradiation, and the hydrogen production increased
from 75.4 to 143.9 μmol in spite of the negative effect caused
by the concurrent drop in the conduction band. The valence band position
plays a very critical role in combining oxidation with the reduction
half-reaction of photocatalysis.