Insight into the Environmental Fate, hazard, Detection, and Sustainable Degradation Technologies of Chlorpyrifos - An Organophosphorus Pesticide

Abstract

Pesticides play a critical role in terms of agricultural output nowadays. On top of that, pesticides provide economic support to our farmers. However, the usage of pesticides has created a public health issue and environmental hazard. Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide, is extensively applied as an insecticide, acaricide, and termiticide against pests in a variety of applications. Environmental pollution has occurred because of the widespread usage of chlorpyrifos, and it is harming several ecosystems including soil, sediment, water, air, and biogeochemical cycles. While residual levels in soil, water, vegetables, foodstuffs, and human fluids have been discovered, chlorpyrifos has also been found in the sediment, soil, and water. The irrefutable pieces of evidence indicate that chlorpyrifos exposure inhibits the choline esterase enzyme, which impairs the ability of the body to use choline and as a result, neurological, immunological, and psychological consequences are seen in people and the natural environment. Several research studies have been conducted worldwide to identify and develop chlorpyrifos remediation approaches and its derivatives from the environment. Currently, many detoxification methods are available for pesticides such as chlorpyrifos, but recent research has shown that the breakdown of chlorpyrifos using bacteria is the most proficient, cost-effective, and sustainable. This current article aims to outline relevant research events and provide a summary of the possible breakdown of chlorpyrifos into a variety of compounds, along with a discussion of analytical summaries of current research findings on bacterial degradation of chlorpyrifos and the potential degradation mechanism.