Insight Into Nanoliposomes as Smart Nanocarriers for Greening the Twenty-First Century Biomedical Settings

Abstract

The necessity to develop more efficient, biocompatible, patient compliance, and safer treatments in biomedical settings is receiving special attention using nanotechnology as a potential platform to design new drug delivery systems (DDS). Despite the broad range of nanocarrier systems in drug delivery, lack of biocompatibility, poor penetration, low entrapment efficiency, and toxicity are significant challenges that remain to address. Such practices are even more demanding when bioactive agents are intended to be loaded on a nanocarrier system, especially for topical treatment purposes. For the aforesaid reasons, the search for more efficient nano-vesicular systems, such as nanoliposomes, with a high biocompatibility index and controlled releases has increased considerably in the past few decades. Owing to the stratum corneum layer barrier of the skin, the in-practice conventional/conformist drug delivery methods are inefficient, and the effect of the administered therapeutic cues is limited. The current advancement at the nanoscale has transformed the drug delivery sector. Nanoliposomes, as robust nanocarriers, are becoming popular for biomedical applications because of safety, patient compliance, and quick action. Herein, we reviewed state-of-the-art nanoliposomes as a smart and sophisticated drug delivery approach. Following a brief introduction, the drug delivery mechanism of nanoliposomes is discussed with suitable examples for the treatment of numerous diseases with a brief emphasis on fungal infections. The latter half of the work is focused on the applied perspective and clinical translation of nanoliposomes. Furthermore, a detailed overview of clinical applications and future perspectives has been included in this review.

RETRACTED: Liposomes: Structure, Biomedical Applications, and Stability Parameters With Emphasis on Cholesterol

“…Liposomes are lipid bilayer spherical membranes that provide both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments. Adjustability, flexibility, variety of ingredients, ease of functionalization, tunability of the number of layers/sizes, biocompatibility, and biodegradability have turned liposomes into incredible structures in medicine, especially drug delivery ( Aguilar-Pérez et al, 2020 ; Trucillo et al, 2020 ; Kashapov et al, 2021 ), most notable use of these structures being in cosmetics and drug delivery. Consequently, various liposome-based products have been commercialized to date, with the approval from United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ( Yuba, 2020 ; Barenholz, 2021 ).…”

Synthesis and Nano-Sized Characterization of Bioactive Oregano Essential Oil Molecule-Loaded Small Unilamellar Nanoliposomes with Antifungal Potentialities

“…The EE% values are summarized in Table 3 for the set of loaded and empty nanoliposome formulations tested 1 and 30 days after the synthesis process. It was observed that the highest EE% values were obtained at higher concentrations of OEO, this may be attributed firstly due to the incorporation of cholesterol during preparation which decreases its permeability and favors encapsulation by decreasing the flexibility of the surrounding lipid chains [ 4 , 6 , 42 ]. On the other hand, some studies have evaluated the EE% of EO components [ 43 ], reporting that better incorporation of EOs into nanoliposomes membranes is given by the interaction of the hydroxyl groups present in EOs with the membrane components of nanoliposomes (e.g., cholesterol, soybean lecithin, etc.…”

“…Nanoliposomes are bilayer structures that maintain their nanometric size within the range of 20 to 150 nm, during storage and applications. Additionally, their lipid and aqueous composition allow the entrapment of hydrophobic and hydrophilic agents, either individually or simultaneously [ 4 ]. According to the number of lamellae, size, and preparation method, phospholipid vesicles can be classified in several groups [ 5 ].…”

Fate of β-Carotene within Loaded Delivery Systems in Food: State of Knowledge

“…Encapsulation is regarded as an indispensable process to fabricate delivery systems with improved bioavailability, by stabilizing β-carotene in the target foods and also during gastrointestinal (GIT) passage, improving its solubility in digestive fluids, hence enhancing its absorption from the GIT, and possibly even evading first-pass metabolism loss in various tissues. The bioavailability of encapsulated lipophilic compounds including β-carotene is compromised by a range of factors and has been reviewed by various researchers in excellent reviews [ 46 , 48 , 51 , 55 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 ].…”