Insight into diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis

Diagnosis of urogenital tuberculosis by multiplex-nested PCR targeting mpt64 (Rv1980c) and IS6110: comparison with multiplex PCR and GeneXpert® MTB/RIF

“…Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) accounts for ~4·5–47·9% of TB cases, wherein urogenital TB (UGTB) comprises the second most common form of EPTB in developing nations including India and stands third in hierarchy among EPTB cases in developed nations (Dahiya et al . 2022). UGTB affects both men and women of reproductive age group in a ratio of 2:1 and leads to a significant morbidity (Mehta and Kamra 2020).…”

“…Similar to other EPTB types, presence of epithelioid cell granuloma with multinucleate giant cell/caseous necrosis by histopathology are important parameters to diagnose UGTB (Mehta and Kamra 2020; Dahiya et al . 2022). However, except for the presence of AFB, histopathology is not pathognomonic since it cannot distinguish between the UGTB and other granulomatous diseases, such as NTM, sarcoidosis, fungal infection, etc.…”

“…USG is commonly employed for both men/women, which is a noninvasive modality, in contrast to IVU and HSG (Kamra and Mehta 2021; Dahiya et al . 2022). However, HSG is utilized to outline uterus and adnexa in women, wherein dye is instilled via vagina and X‐ray films are taken (Muneer et al .…”

“…2019; Dahiya et al . 2022), but that cannot be employed in men owing to different anatomical structures. Laparoscopy is considered alternative to HSG, since HSG fails to identify mild to moderate peritoneal adhesions and many false‐positive results are observed to detect tubal block (Grace et al .…”

“…However, laparoscopy is often associated with operative risks and causes flaring of infection (Dahiya et al . 2022).…”