Insight into citric acid: A versatile organic acid

Reena, Rooben; Sindhu, Raveendran; Balakumaran, Palanisamy Athiyaman; Pandey, Ashok; Awasthi, Mukesh Kumar; Binod, Parameswaran

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125181

Cited by 24 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Citric acid is an organic acid with a global market value of 3.6 billion US dollars, which is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, biomedical, textile, and leather industries (Reena et al, 2022 ). The production of citric acid is one of the oldest industrial fermentations, which is predominantly produced by Aspergillus niger due to its higher yield and ability to ferment various low-cost feedstock (Mores et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology

Yang

Gong

et al. 2023

Environ Dev Sustain

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High-speed rail has been operating in more than 25 countries (mainly in Asia, Europe and North America), and has become an important part of global economic development. However, the cleaning and maintenance of high-speed rail is a comprehensive task, which may easily cause environmental pollution. This study aims to analyze and improve the sustainability of the formulation and production process of a concentrated complex enzyme detergent used as the maintenance agent for high-speed trains via the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The eFootprint software system with built-in China, European and Swiss Ecoinvent databases was used to establish the LCA model with the system boundary being from cradle to gate. The LCA model showed that the production of 1 kg of concentrated detergent generates the global warming potential of 2.53 kg CO 2 eq, and other environmental emissions including acidification potential of 0.01 kg SO 2 eq, eutrophication potential of 3.76E-03 kg PO 4 3− eq, inhalable inorganic matter of 3.17E-03 kg PM2.5 eq, ozone depletion potential of 5.3E-06 kg CFC-11 eq, photochemical ozone formation potential of 3.44E-03 kg NMVOC eq, primary energy demand of 3.17 MJ, abiotic depletion potential of 4.97E-6 kg antimony eq, and water use of 0.84 kg. LCA results are not strongly dependent to the assumptions of the research, and the uncertainties of LCA results are between 8 and 16%, which is mainly due to the regional differences in technology sources, the year of technical data collection, and the representativeness of technology collection companies. Carbon footprint analysis showed that the production processes of enzyme stabilizer (glycerol) and surfactants contributed the most, while changes in power consumption during production and transportation distance of raw materials had limited effect on total carbon emissions. Therefore, the formulation of the concentrated complex enzymatic detergent was improved based on the LCA results. The new formulations with less enzyme stabilizer showed similar detergency to the original formulation. The new formulations could reduce carbon emissions by 5,500–9,200 tons per year and save between $4.4 and $7.4 million in annual production of 10,000 tons. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-023-03122-2.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology

Yang

Gong

et al. 2023

Environ Dev Sustain

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“…Calcium citrate was precipitated using calcium chloride and subsequently acidied with dilute sulfuric acid to yield calcium sulfate and crystallized CA. 140 CA is also a byproduct of various biological and chemical reactions. [141][142][143] More recently, CA has been produced by microbes, such as the lamentous fungus Aspergillus niger.…”

Section: Small Biomolecules For Hydrogel-based Strain Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional small biomolecules as key building blocks in the development of hydrogel-based strain sensors

Zaidi¹,

Saeed²,

Heo³

et al. 2023

J. Mater. Chem. A

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“…Currently, the annual production of citric acid reaches about 1.8 million tons in the world, and the citric acid market is one of the fastest-growing segments of food additives [ 4 , 5 ]. Citric acid has been used in the food, pharmaceutical, chemical and even metallurgical industry due to its harmless nature, chelating and sequestering properties [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Medium Constituents for the Production of Citric Acid from Waste Glycerol Using the Central Composite Rotatable Design of Experiments

et al. 2023

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Citric acid is currently produced by submerged fermentation of sucrose with the aid of Aspergillus niger mold. Its strains are characterized by a high yield of citric acid biosynthesis and no toxic by-products. Currently, new substrates are sought for production of citric acid by submerged fermentation. Waste materials such as glycerol or pomace could be used as carbon sources in the biosynthesis of citric acid. Due to the complexity of the metabolic state in fungus, there is an obvious need to optimize the important medium constituents to enhance the accumulation of desired product. Potential optimization approach is a statistical method, such as the central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The aim of this study was to increase the yield of citric acid biosynthesis by Aspergillus niger PD-66 in media with waste glycerol as the carbon source. A mathematical method was used to optimize the culture medium composition for the biosynthesis of citric acid. In order to maximize the efficiency of the biosynthesis of citric acid the central composite, rotatable design was used. Waste glycerol and ammonium nitrate were identified as significant variables which highly influenced the final concentration of citric acid (Y1), volumetric rate of citric acid biosynthesis (Y2), and yield of citric acid biosynthesis (Y3). These variables were subsequently optimized using a central composite rotatable design. Optimal values of input variables were determined using the method of the utility function. The highest utility value of 0.88 was obtained by the following optimal set of conditions: waste glycerol—114.14 g∙L−1and NH4NO3—2.85 g∙L−1.

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Insight into citric acid: A versatile organic acid

Cited by 24 publications

References 92 publications

Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology

Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology

Multifunctional small biomolecules as key building blocks in the development of hydrogel-based strain sensors

Optimization of Medium Constituents for the Production of Citric Acid from Waste Glycerol Using the Central Composite Rotatable Design of Experiments

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