Inside the Outbreak of the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1)v Virus in Mexico

Zepeda-Lopez, Hector M.; Perea-Araujo, Lizbeth; Miliar-García, Ángel; Domínguez‐López, Aarón; Xoconostle-Cázarez, Beatriz; Lara‐Padilla, Eleazar; Hernández, Jorge A.; Sevilla-Reyes, Edgar; Orozco, Maria Esther; Ahued-Ortega, Armando; Villaseñor-Ruíz, Ignacio; García-Cavazos, Ricardo; Teran, Luis M.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013256

Cited by 43 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The risk of transmission and of the introduction of new strains of viruses in countries hosting MGs or large scale open air festivals has been documented at such events [8,27,28]. Therefore, risk assessment and the establishment of preventive strategies should be implemented in preparation for large scale open air festivals, as for other MGs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Outbreaks associated to large open air festivals, including music festivals, 1980 to 2012

Botelho-Nevers

2013

Eurosurveillance

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In the minds of many, large scale open air festivals have become associated with spring and summer, attracting many people, and in the case of music festivals, thousands of music fans. These festivals share the usual health risks associated with large mass gatherings, including transmission of communicable diseases and risk of outbreaks. Large scale open air festivals have however specific characteristics, including outdoor settings, on-site housing and food supply and the generally young age of the participants. Outbreaks at large scale open air festivals have been caused by Cryptosporium parvum, Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus, hepatitis A virus, influenza virus, measles virus, mumps virus and norovirus. Faecal-oral and respiratory transmissions of pathogens result from non-compliance with hygiene rules, inadequate sanitation and insufficient vaccination coverage. Sexual transmission of infectious diseases may also occur and is likely to be underestimated and underreported. Enhanced surveillance during and after festivals is essential. Preventive measures such as immunisations of participants and advice on-site and via social networks should be considered to reduce outbreaks at these large scale open air festivals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Influenza outbreaks have been reported at music festivals [24][25][26][27], with the potential for the spread of new influenza viruses in some cases [27,28]. In Serbia in 2009, 40% of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 cases were linked to the Exit festival [26].…”

Section: Respiratory Transmission and Respiratory Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreaks associated to large open air festivals, including music festivals, 1980 to 2012

Botelho-Nevers

2013

Eurosurveillance

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“…Mexico has experienced a series of three A/H1N1 pandemic waves in the spring, summer, and fall of 2009 (1,2) and a recrudescent pandemic fourth wave in the winter of 2011–2012 (3). The excess mortality impact of the 2009 pandemic was particularly severe in Mexico, relative to that of other countries (4,5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WITHDRAWN: Intense Seasonal A/H1N1 Influenza in Mexico, Winter 2013–2014

Dávila-Torres

Chowell

Borja-Aburto

et al. 2014

Archives of Medical Research

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Background and Aims A recrudescent wave of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 affected Mexico during the winter of 2013–2014 following a mild 2012–2013 A/H3N2 influenza season. Methods We compared the demographic and geographic characteristics of hospitalizations and inpatient deaths for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and laboratory-confirmed influenza during the 2013–2014 influenza season compared to previous influenza seasons, based on a large prospective surveillance system maintained by the Mexican Social Security health care system. Results A total of 14,236 SARI hospitalizations and 1,163 inpatient deaths (8.2%) were reported between October 1, 2013 and March 31, 2014. Rates of laboratory-confirmed A/H1N1 hospitalizations and deaths were significantly higher among individuals aged 30–59 years and lower among younger age groups for the 2013–2014 A/H1N1 season compared to the previous A/H1N1 season in 2011–2012 (χ2 test, p <0.001). The reproduction number for the winter 2013–2014 influenza season in central Mexico was estimated at 1.3–1.4, in line with that reported for the 2011–2012 A/H1N1 season but lower than during the initial waves of pandemic A/H1N1 activity in 2009. Conclusions We documented a substantial increase in the number of A/H1N1-related hospitalizations and deaths during the period from October 2013–March 2014 in Mexico and a proportionate shift of severe disease to middle-aged adults, relative to the preceding A/H1N1 2011–2012 season. In the absence of clear antigenic drift in globally circulating A/H1N1 viruses in the post-2009 pandemic period, the gradual change in the age distribution of A/H1N1 infections observed in Mexico suggests a slow build-up of immunity among younger populations, reminiscent of the age profile of past pandemics.

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“…In April 2009, swine-origin 2009 A (H1N1) influenza viruses (S-O 2009 IV) were found in Mexico and the United States for the first time, and quickly spread throughout the world, presenting a significant threat to public health [1,2]. S-O 2009 IV is a novel triple-reassortant influenza virus derived from porcine, human, and avian influenza viruses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne spread and infection of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus

Zhang

et al. 2013

Virol J

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BackgroundThe novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-O 2009 IV) can cause respiratory infectious diseases in humans and pigs, but there are few studies investigating the airborne spread of the virus. In January 2011, a swine-origin H1N1 epidemic emerged in eastern China that rapidly spread to neighboring farms, likely by aerosols carried by the wind.MethodsIn this study, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect viruses in air samples from pig farms. Based on two aerosol infection models (Pig and guinea pig), we evaluated aerosol transmission and infection of the novel S-O 2009 IV isolate.ResultsThree novel S-O 2009 IV were isolated from the diseased pig. The positive rate and viral loads of air samples were 26.1% and 3.14-5.72 log10copies/m3 air, respectively. In both pig and guinea pig infection models, the isolate (A/swine/Shandong/07/2011) was capable of forming aerosols and infected experimental animals at a range of 2.0-4.2 m by aerosols, but aerosol route was less efficient than direct contact.ConclusionsThe results indicated that S-O 2009 IV is able to be aerosolized by infected animals and to be transmitted to susceptible animals by airborne routes.

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Inside the Outbreak of the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1)v Virus in Mexico

Cited by 43 publications

References 21 publications

Outbreaks associated to large open air festivals, including music festivals, 1980 to 2012

Outbreaks associated to large open air festivals, including music festivals, 1980 to 2012

WITHDRAWN: Intense Seasonal A/H1N1 Influenza in Mexico, Winter 2013–2014

Airborne spread and infection of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus

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