Inside Out: HIV, the Gut Microbiome, and the Mucosal Immune System

Liu, Jay; Williams, Brett; Frank, Daniel N.; Dillon, Stephanie M.; Wilson, Cara C.; Landay, Alan

doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1601355

Cited by 59 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…The mucosal immune system can be modulated by gut-resident bacteria, and alteration of the mucosal innate immune system can result in the outgrowth of a dysbiotic pro-inflammatory group accountable for chronic inflammation in the mucosa and the periphery [21,22]. HIV infection significantly alters total microbial colonization as well as the microbiota composition in the oral cavity, and decreased CD4 cell counts have been associated with the presence of oral lesions [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiota and Probiotics in Health and HIV Infection

2017

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Microbiota play a key role in various body functions, as well as in physiological, metabolic, and immunological processes, through different mechanisms such as the regulation of the development and/or functions of different types of immune cells in the intestines. Evidence indicates that alteration in the gut microbiota can influence infectious and non-infectious diseases. Bacteria that reside on the mucosal surface or within the mucus layer interact with the host immune system, thus, a healthy gut microbiota is essential for the development of mucosal immunity. In patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including those who control their disease with antiretroviral drugs (ART), the gut microbiome is very different than the microbiome of those not infected with HIV. Recent data suggests that, for these patients, dysbiosis may lead to a breakdown in the gut’s immunologic activity, causing systemic bacteria diffusion and inflammation. Since in HIV-infected patients in this state, including those in ART therapy, the treatment of gastrointestinal tract disorders is frustrating, many studies are in progress to investigate the ability of probiotics to modulate epithelial barrier functions, microbiota composition, and microbial translocation. This mini-review analyzed the use of probiotics to prevent and attenuate several gastrointestinal manifestations and to improve gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) immunity in HIV infection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiota and Probiotics in Health and HIV Infection

2017

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“…With the present affiliations connected to dysbiosis at the dimension of the gut, HIV disease which has appeared to have serious harm to the intestinal mucosal compartment and depletion of mucosal immunity (CD4+ T cell) may have an extra impact in causing dysbiosis. Notwithstanding the adjustment of the host immune reaction to gut microorganisms amid HIV diseases with other puzzling elements including the way of life, diet, comorbidities, and treatment impacts with the different antiretroviral regimens have shown gut microbiota diversity reduction; moreover, Proteobacteria phyla, which contain the pathobionts species have presented higher recurrence among HIV infected people [18,19]. Although many early pilot studies reported HIVassociated changes in the enteric microbiome, both in composition and in diversity, more recent studies suggest that co-founding factors, such as sexual behaviour, may explain some of those original findings rather than HIV infection status per se.…”

Section: Original Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiota Dysbiotic Pattern and Its Associated Factors in a Cameroonian Cohort with and without HIV Infection

Ako¹,

Akum

Assob³

et al. 2019

JAMB

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Aims: To compare the gut microbiota dysbiotic pattern between the HIV-negative individual and HIV-positive patients with /or without first-line ARV and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis treatment through culture-dependent technique. And additionally to access the associations of gut microbiota at the genus level with sociodemographic and clinical factors. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Participants were selected from the South West region at the Buea Regional Hospital UPEC unit. The study spanned from August 2018 to April 2019. Methodology: We included 160 participants. Fecal and blood samples were collected from HIV-negative individuals (n=40), HIV-positive treatment naïve (n=40), HIV-positive + ARV (n=40) and HIV-positive + ARV + Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (n=40). A self-structured questionnaire was administered to collect sociodemographic data. The stool samples were plated using three non-selective and ten selective media and colonies were identified using biochemical characterization methods. The CD4+ T cells (cells/mm3) count were evaluated with BD FACSCount System. Data were analysed using SPSS version 21. Categorical variables were analysed using the Chi-square test and multinomial Logistic regression analysis was used to verify associations between variables. Results: The HIV-treatment naïve individual fecal samples showed a significantly increased growth occurrence for Candida (P < .001) and Fusobacteria (P < .001); and a decreased growth occurrence for Enterobacteriaceae family (P < .001), Staphylococcus (P < .001), Lactobacillus (P < .001) and Bifidobacteria (P < .001) compared to those of HIV-negative individuals. HIV-positive individuals on ARV and Cotrimoxazole had their stool samples showing a significantly decreased growth occurrence for Escherichia (P = .014), Salmonella (P = .002) and Staphylococcus (P = .04) compared to HIV-positive patients on ARV only. Increased growth occurrence of particular gut microbiota among participants was more likely associated with age, origin, residence community, occupation, drink, diet, and CD4+T cell count. Conclusion: Our findings uncover dysbiotic changes at the genus level in the gut through culture-dependent technique in an adult Cameroonian population. The study enriched our insight on the effect of ART and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in promoting dysbiosis towards a positive outcome by lowering pathobionts levels. Additionally, we revealed associations of sociodemographic and clinical factors with the occurrence of particular gut microbiota, thus reiterating the need for more in-depth and longitudinal studies to corroborate our findings.

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“…Altough it is difficult to draw definite conclusions, it appears that HIV-1 positive patients microbiota is characterized by an increase in potentially pathogenic bacteria and, conversely, a decrease in protective bacteria populations. However, it should be underlined that a complete definition of HIV-1 as well as healthy microbiota is still incomplete given that a myriad of factors can influence the composition of gut microbiome [152]. Since the gut microbiota exhibited immunemodulating qualities and considering that the components of the microbiota can directly contribute to CD4T cell depletion in HIV-1 infection and can regulate the gut T helper subset-related immune homeostasis [152], it is tempting to speculate that a better characterization of the complex interactions between microbial dysbioses and the mucosal immune system is critical to improve our understanding of the functional aspects of microbiome as a key or additional driver of HIV-1 disease.…”

Section: Scagnolari G Antonellimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that the cross-talk between the gut microbiome and host is extensive, and involves both innate and adaptive immunity. It is established that HIV-1 infection upsets the delicate equilibrium in the host-microbe interplay through both alterations in the gut microbiome (see above) and interference with the host response mechanisms [152]. In this regard, it has been reported that endogenous type I IFN response induced by signals from the commensal microbiota can affect the local signaling environment to prime the intestinal mucosal immune system to determine later responses to pathogens and commensal organisms [153].…”

Section: Interaction Between Ifn Response and Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

Type I interferon and HIV: Subtle balance between antiviral activity, immunopathogenesis and the microbiome

Scagnolari

Antonelli

2018

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews

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Type I interferon (IFN) response initially limits HIV-1 spread and may delay disease progression by stimulating several immune system components. Nonetheless, persistent exposure to type I IFN in the chronic phase of HIV-1 infection is associated with desensitization and/or detrimental immune activation, thereby hindering immune recovery and fostering viral persistence. This review provides a basis for understanding the complexity and function of IFN pleiotropic activity in HIV-1 infection. In particular, the dichotomous role of the IFN response in HIV-1 immunopathogenesis will be discussed, highlighting recent advances in the dynamic modulation of IFN production in acute versus chronic infection, expression signatures of IFN subtypes, and viral and host factors affecting the magnitude of IFN response during HIV-1 infection. Lastly, the review gives a forward-looking perspective on the interplay between microbiome compositions and IFN response.

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Inside Out: HIV, the Gut Microbiome, and the Mucosal Immune System

Cited by 59 publications

References 127 publications

Microbiota and Probiotics in Health and HIV Infection

Microbiota and Probiotics in Health and HIV Infection

Gut Microbiota Dysbiotic Pattern and Its Associated Factors in a Cameroonian Cohort with and without HIV Infection

Type I interferon and HIV: Subtle balance between antiviral activity, immunopathogenesis and the microbiome

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