“…Supramolecular self-assembly refers to the spontaneous formation of highly ordered complex structures through noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, − π–π stacking, − host–guest interactions, − hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions, − and so on. − The self-assembly process can give rise to different supramolecular structures, including supramolecular macrocycles, − cages, − frameworks, − etc. The determinants of the formation of various self-assembled structures are influenced by various factors, including molecular design, , the driving forces (diversified noncovalent interactions), − solvent effects, , external conditions (concentration, temperature, pH, et al), , and so on. , Among all of the self-assembly processes, the study of aqueous self-assembly holds significant importance due to its relevance to biology and potential biomedical applications. Many biological processes, such as protein folding, enzyme activity, and cell signaling, occur in aqueous environments. − By studying aqueous self-assembly, we can gain insights into the fundamental principles underlying biological self-assembly and mimic biological processes for biomedical applications .…”