Despite decades of research, how CEO compensation is determined remains an enigma. Drawing on agency, managerial hegemony, and institutional theoretical perspectives, we use hierarchical linear modelling-a multilevel analytic technique-to examine how firm-, industry-, and time-level effects drive CEO compensation in US corporations. Results show that while cash salary is mostly driven by firm-specific factors, equity-based compensation responds to time-level effects with firm-and industry-level effects playing a marginal role. We argue that such evidence is consistent with the institutionalization of the CEO compensation determination process through the widespread adoption of benchmark peer-group comparisons. Such practices underlie economywide changes in CEO compensation that are increasingly disconnected from other fundamental firm-or industryspecific factors.