Insecticide resistance profiles for malaria vectors in the Kassena-Nankana district of Ghana

Anto, Francis; Asoala, Victor; Anyorigiya, Thomas; Oduro, Abraham; Adjuik, Martin; Owusu‐Agyei, Seth; Dery, Dominic B.; Bimi, Langbong; Hodgson, Abraham

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-8-81

Cited by 28 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Despite the huge investments in LLINs and IRS, many countries do not conduct routine malaria vector surveillance, including for insecticide resistance. Surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation and operational research are vital for tracking the progress of malaria prevention and control activities [35]. This study investigated species composition, resistance levels, and knockdown patterns among malaria vectors in Teso North and Teso South subcounties in Western Kenya.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species Composition, Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Levels in Major Malaria Vectors in Teso North and Teso South Subcounties in Busia County, Western Kenya

Githinji

Irungu

Ndegwa

et al. 2020

Journal of Parasitology Research

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Introduction. Knockdown resistance (kdr) is strongly linked to pyrethroid insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae in Africa, which may have vital significance to the current increased use of pyrethroid-treated bed net programmes. The study is aimed at determining species composition, levels of insecticide resistance, and knockdown patterns in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in areas with and areas without insecticide resistance in Teso North and Teso South subcounties, Western Kenya. Materials and Methods. For WHO vulnerability tests, mosquito larvae were sampled using a dipper, reared into 3-5-day-old female mosquitoes (4944 at 100 mosquitoes per insecticide) which were exposed to 0.75% permethrin, 0.05% deltamethrin, and 0.1% bendiocarb using the WHO tube assay method. Species identification and kdr East gene PCRs were also performed on randomly selected mosquitoes from the collections; including adult mosquitoes (3448) sampled using standard collection methods. Results. Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto were the majority in terms of species composition at 78.9%. Bendiocarb caused 100% mortality while deltamethrin had higher insecticidal effects (77%) on female mosquitoes than permethrin (71%). Susceptible Kengatunyi cluster had higher proportion of An. arabiensis (20.9%) than resistant Rwatama (10.7%). Kengatunyi mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin had the highest KDT50 R of 8.2. Both Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis had equal S allelic frequency of 0.84. Indoor resting mosquitoes had 100% mortality rate after 24 h since exposure. Overall SS genotypic frequency in Teso North and Teso South subcounties was 79.4% against 13.7% homozygous LL genotype and 6.9% heterozygous LS genotype. There was a significant difference (ρ<0.05) in S allele frequencies between Kengatunyi (0.61) and Rwatama (0.95). Mosquito samples collected in 2013 had the highest S allelic frequency of 0.87. Discussion. Most likely, the higher the selection pressure exerted indoors by insecticidal nets, the higher were the resistance alleles. Use of pyrethroid impregnated nets and agrochemicals may have caused female mosquitoes to select for pyrethroid resistance. Different modes of action and chemical properties in different types of pyrethroids aggravated by a variety of edaphic and climatic factors may have caused different levels of susceptibility in both indoor and outdoor vectors to pyrethroids and carbamate. Species composition and populations in each collection method may have been influenced by insecticide resistance capacity in different species. Conclusions and Recommendations. Both phenotypic and genotypic insecticide resistance levels have been confirmed in Teso North and Teso South subcounties in Western Kenya. Insecticide resistance management practices in Kenya should be fast tracked and harmonized with agricultural sector agrochemical-based activities and legislation, and possibly switch to carbamate use in order to ease selection pressure on pyrethroids which are useable in insecticidal nets and indoor residual spray due to their low human toxicity. The implication of such high resistance levels in mosquitoes collected in Teso subcounties is that resistance is likely to persist and or even increase if monomolecules of permethrin and deltamethrin or both continue to be used in all net- and nonnet-based mosquito control purposes. Usage of mutually reinforcing piperonyl butoxide (PBO) that prohibits particular enzymes vital in metabolic activities inside mosquito systems and has been integrated into pyrethroid-LLINs to create pyrethroid-PBO nets is an extremely viable option.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species Composition, Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Levels in Major Malaria Vectors in Teso North and Teso South Subcounties in Busia County, Western Kenya

Githinji

Irungu

Ndegwa

et al. 2020

Journal of Parasitology Research

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“…Most of the people live in multi-family compounds, which form the basis of the address system used in the Navrongo Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NHDSS), and are separated from one another by agricultural land. A large reservoir (Tono dam) in the middle of the district and about 90 dug-out dams provide water throughout the year for agricultural irrigation purposes [11].…”

Section: Study Site and Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Activities and Schistosomiasis Infection in the Kassena-Nankana District of Northern Ghana

Anto

Asoala²,

Adjuik³

et al. 2014

J Infect Dis Ther

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Schistosomiasis is a common cause of morbidity especially among rural children in less developed countries. The extent and distribution of schistosomiasis infection among school-age children was assessed and the association between some childhood activities and prevalence of infection was determined in northern Ghana. A cross-sectional study was conducted during which stool and urine samples were collected from children 6-15 years. Samples were analysed using the Kato-Katz technique and the 10 ml urine filtration methods respectively. Data on water contact activities were also collected. The level of infection was compared in relation to location and water contact activities. A total of 1,764 children participated in the study. Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection was 18.9%. The highest level of infection (33.1%) was found among children resident in the southern part of the district, the lowest among those in the eastern (3.6%) and northern (3.8%) parts. S. mansoni infection was 10.9%. The highest level of S. mansoni infection (54.2%) was found among children resident in the central part of the district. The overall prevalence of infection (S. haematobium+S. mansoni) was moderate (27.1%). More males (32.5%) than females (20.2%) were infected (χ 2 =32.8, P<0.0001). Children aged 9-12 years had the highest prevalence of infection (31.8%; 95% CI: 28.4-35.5) with the lowest among those aged 6-8 years (23.9%; 95% CI: 20.2-28.0). Swimming in the canals (χ 2 =404.4, P<0.0001) and working on tomato farms (χ 2 =37.7, P<0.0001) were risk factors for infection. Herding cattle appeared to have protected the children from infection (χ 2 =34.8, P=0.0001). Schistosomiasis is prevalent throughout the district with children resident in the central and southern parts of the district being more at risk of infection. There is the need to put in place an integrated and effective schistosomiasis control programme.

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“…Despite this disastrous picture, the current combination of tools and methods to combat malaria, including long‐lasting insecticidal nets and artemisinin‐based combination therapy (ACT), supported by indoor residual spraying of insecticide and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy, is leading to a significant reduction of cases in some countries, such as Gambia (Ceesay et al , 2008), Kenya (O’Meara et al , 2008) and São Tomé and Príncipe (unpublished observations). However, both Anopheles mosquito and Plasmodium parasite have developed resistance to insecticides (Anto et al , 2009) and new drugs (Noedl et al , 2008), which clearly shows that the fight against the disease continues to be a difficult challenge.…”

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confidence: 99%

Malaria: looking for selection signatures in the human PKLR gene region

et al. 2010

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Summary The genetic component of susceptibility to malaria is both complex and multigenic and the better‐known protective polymorphisms are those involving erythrocyte‐specific structural proteins and enzymes. In vivo and in vitro data have suggested that pyruvate kinase deficiency, which causes a nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia, could be protective against malaria severity in humans, but this hypothesis remains to be tested. In the present study, we conducted a combined analysis of Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the pyruvate kinase‐encoding gene (PKLR) and adjacent regions (chromosome 1q21) to look for malaria selective signatures in two sub‐Saharan African populations from Angola and Mozambique, in several groups with different malaria infection outcome. A European population from Portugal, including a control and a pyruvate kinase‐deficient group, was used for comparison. Data from STR and SNP loci spread along the PKLR gene region showed a considerably higher differentiation between African and Portuguese populations than that usually found for neutral markers. In addition, a wider region showing strong linkage disequilibrium was found in an uncomplicated malaria group, and a haplotype was found to be associated with this clinical group. Altogether, this data suggests that malaria selective pressure is acting in this genomic region.

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Insecticide resistance profiles for malaria vectors in the Kassena-Nankana district of Ghana

Cited by 28 publications

References 13 publications

Species Composition, Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Levels in Major Malaria Vectors in Teso North and Teso South Subcounties in Busia County, Western Kenya

Species Composition, Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Levels in Major Malaria Vectors in Teso North and Teso South Subcounties in Busia County, Western Kenya

Childhood Activities and Schistosomiasis Infection in the Kassena-Nankana District of Northern Ghana

Malaria: looking for selection signatures in the human PKLR gene region

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