Insecticide/acaricide resistance: Industry's efforts and plans to cope

Abstract

The 'Insecticide Resistance Action Committee' (ZRAC) is a consultative body to GIFAP on all technicallscientific matters relating to insecticidelacaricide resistance. IRAC coordinates industrial efforts to prolong the life of insect control agents, and fosters working relationships with non-industrial research workers engaged in solving resistance problems. The activities of I RAC indicate that industry ( I ) is concerned about resistance reducing the benefit1 cost ratio of valuable products, (2) is fully aware of existing and potential resistance problems in all areas where insecticides are being used, (3) plans to improve resistance monitoring in major croplpests systems suffering @om or being threatened by resistance in the field, and (4) is prepared to cooperate with external research institutions on various practical and conceptual aspects.

An In-Field Screen for Early Detection and Monitoring of Insect Resistance to <I>Bacillus thuringiensis</I> in Transgenic Crops

“…However, a third component, early detection of resistance, has received comparatively little attention from researchers in industry or academia (Brent 1986, Roush and Miller 1986. As with conventional insecticides, effective resistance monitoring will be highly dependent on cooperative efforts with both the private and public sector for implementation (Brent 1986, Voss 1988, Leonard 1997. Moreover, although debates about how and where to implement refuges for transgenic insecticidal crops will likely continue, the need for proactive resistance detection and monitoring will only become more critical as the use of Bt technology increases.…”

Management of Resistance to Novel Insecticides

“…The concern of individual companies is apparent from several contributions to this book by product manufacturers referring explicitly to the importance of proactive monitoring and resistance management. IRAC's research and extension activities have been reported regularly as this organization has evolved technically and expanded geographically (Jackson 1986;Leonard and Perrin 1994;Voss 1988;Wege 1996). Unlike single companies, IRAC can potentially influence the deployment of chemicals produced by several manufacturersto address and minimize cross-resistance risks.…”

Insecticide resistance

“…By 1980, resistance was reported to have been observed in 428 arthropod species (Georghiou 1981). In 1985, the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) (Voss 1988), a consultative body to GIFAP, the International Group of National Associations of Agrochemical Manufacturers, conducted a survey within the agrochemical industry. This survey (Voss 1987) listed 35 species of economic importance which showed resistance levels which rendered chemical control difficult or uneconomic in a number of countries and a similar number of less important cases which were considered to have the potential to become more serious.…”

“…The term resistance is difficult to define and there is little agreement among experts, a point discussed in some detail by Sawicki (1987). A comprehensive definition based on practical considerations was given by Voss (1988). For the term 'resistant' to be attributed to a pest/product relationship Voss suggested that the following criteria must be met:…”