Although the use of naturally-derived secondary metabolites as pest control agents predates modern agriculture by centuries, technology -driven agricultural practices adapted during the past 50 years curtailed their use in favor of simpler, faster acting and more environmentally stable synthetics. Technological advances are again leading a trend back to naturally-derived materials as the industry learns how to find, optimize, and deliver naturally-derived pest control products. The result will be safer, less environmentally hazardous products for pest control.It seems a natural fit-the best way to control pests is to learn from nature. Organisms are equipped with a broad array of chemical weapons to ward off predators and competitors for limited resources. The use of naturally-derived chemical pest control agents such as nicotine and pyrethrum clearly originated well over a century ago. A limited degree of success was derived from their use, and they were clearly preferable, from a toxicological standpoint, to many of the early chemical treatments based on toxic inorganics or petroleum distillates.Nevertheless, widespread use of naturally occurring pesticides in modern agriculture has remained somewhat limited. As a class, biological control agents account for considerably less than 1% of the overall crop protection market (7). There are a number of good reasons for this. An organism that has no evolutionary pressure to confer such characteristics as photostability, mammalian selectivity or fit in to integrated pest management (IPM), did not build these attributes into its chemical arsenal. As a result, a plant-derived secondary metabolite, such as nicotine, shows little selectivity between insects and mammals. Even a product that is both safe and effective will often encounter difficulties in large scale agricultural applications. Bacillus thuriengensis (Bt), for example, is a family of highly selective proteinaceous Adapted in large part from Crouse, Gary D., CHEMTECH, "Pesticide