Insect phenoloxidase and its diverse roles: melanogenesis and beyond

Marieshwari, Balashanmuga Nehru; Bhuvaragavan, Sreeramulu; Sruthi, Kannan; Mullainadhan, P.; Janarthanan, Sundaram

doi:10.1007/s00360-022-01468-z

Cited by 32 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 208 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The PPO cascade regulating melanin production is a unique immune defense response of arthropods, including silkworm. The immune protein PO is involved in the immune defense response of the body, and the serpin gene family is also involved in regulating the immune response [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 33 , 39 , 40 , 52 ], where Spn5 can inhibit its activity by combining with serine proteases HP6 and HP21, and down-regulate AMPs expression and PPO activation [ 32 ]. However, AMPs expression is not only regulated by serpins, but also by Imd and Toll signaling pathways [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sericin Ser3 Ectopic Expressed in Posterior Silk Gland Affects Hemolymph Immune Melanization Response via Reducing Melanin Synthesis in Silkworm

Wang

Shi

Yang

et al. 2023

Insects

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The transgenesis of silkworms is an important way to innovate genetic resources and silk function. However, the silk-gland (SG) of transgenic silkworms, which is the most concerned target tissue of sericulture, often suffers from low vitality, stunting and other problems, and the reasons are still unknown. This study trans engineered recombinant Ser3, a middle silk gland (MSG) specific expression gene, in the posterior silk gland (PSG) of the silkworm, and studied hemolymph immune melanization response changes in mutant pure line SER (Ser3+/+). The results showed that although the mutant had normal vitality, the melanin content and phenoloxidase (PO) activity in hemolymph related to humoral immunity were significantly reduced, and caused significantly slower blood melanization and weaker sterilization ability. The mechanism investigation showed that the mRNA levels and enzymatic activities of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine decarboxylase (DDC) in the melanin synthesis pathway in mutant hemolymph, as well as the transcription levels of the PPAE, SP21 and serpins genes in the serine protease cascade were significantly affected. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity, superoxide anion inhibition capacity and catalase (CAT) level related to the redox metabolic capacity of hemolymph were significantly increased, while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glutathione (GSH), were significantly decreased. In conclusion, the anabolism of melanin in the hemolymph of PSG transgenic silkworm SER was inhibited, while the basic response level of oxidative stress was increased, and the hemolymph immune melanization response was decreased. The results will significantly improve the safe assessment and development of genetically modified organisms.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sericin Ser3 Ectopic Expressed in Posterior Silk Gland Affects Hemolymph Immune Melanization Response via Reducing Melanin Synthesis in Silkworm

Wang

Shi

Yang

et al. 2023

Insects

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…6). PO is involved in melanization in insects and helps phagocytosis of hemocytes (Marieshwari et al 2023). The expression level of Cp-PO was relatively low compared to that of other genes (Fig.…”

Section: Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of immune‐related genes from the transcriptome of the venom gland in Cotesia plutellae

Cha,

Na,

Lee

2023

Entomological Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cotesia plutellae, an endoparasitoid wasp is the natural enemy against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Successful parasitization of C. plutellae requires maternal factors such as polydnavirus, venom proteins, and ovary proteins into the host, protecting their eggs from the host's immune system. To identify the immune‐related genes from the venom glands, we analyzed the transcriptome of venom glands via RNA‐seq. RNA‐seq analysis reveals that 39,207 transcripts were identified. Totally 106 immune‐related genes such as peptidoglycan‐recognition proteins, serpins, spätzles, phenoloxidase, defensin, and calreticulin, etc. were identified and classified into pathogen recognition, immune signal modulation, Toll pathway, IMD pathway, effectors, and other immune genes, depending on their biological functions. These results suggest that the transcriptome of the venom glands of C. plutellae can expand the understanding of insect immune response.

show abstract

“…These pathways regulate AMP expression through transcription factors in the rel family, such as Dorsal/Dif and Relish (Asgari et al, 2022; Nishide et al, 2019; Palmer et al, 2018). Phenoloxidase (PO)‐catalysed melanization is a vital mechanism in insects and crustaceans (Gu et al, 2022; Marieshwari et al, 2023), which generates 5,6‐dihydroxyindole for oxidation and polymerisation into melanin deposited on the surface of pathogens to kill and immobilise them (Nakhleh et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pleiotropic immunoregulation by growth‐blocking peptide in Ostrinia furnacalis

Hu,

Xu,

Gao

et al. 2024

Insect Molecular Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Insects rely on their innate immune system to eliminate pathogenic microbes. As a system component, cytokines transmit intercellular signals to control immune responses. Growth‐blocking peptide (GBP) is a member of the stress‐responsive peptide family of cytokines found in several orders of insects, including Drosophila. However, the physiological role of GBP in defence against pathogens is not thoroughly understood. In this study, we explored the functions of GBP in a lepidopteran pest, Ostrinia furnacalis. Injection of recombinant O. furnacalis GBP (OfGBP) precursor (proGBP) and chemically synthesised GBP significantly induced the transcription of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and other immunity‐related genes including immune deficiency (IMD) and Dorsal. The level of OfGBP mRNA was upregulated after bacterial infection. Knockdown of OfGBP expression led to a decrease in IMD, Relish, MyD88 and Dorsal mRNA levels. OfGBP induced phenoloxidase activity and affected hemocyte behaviours in O. furnacalis larvae. In summary, GBP is a potent cytokine, effectively regulating AMP synthesis, melanization response and cellular immunity to eliminate invading pathogens.

show abstract

Insect phenoloxidase and its diverse roles: melanogenesis and beyond

Cited by 32 publications

References 208 publications

Sericin Ser3 Ectopic Expressed in Posterior Silk Gland Affects Hemolymph Immune Melanization Response via Reducing Melanin Synthesis in Silkworm

Sericin Ser3 Ectopic Expressed in Posterior Silk Gland Affects Hemolymph Immune Melanization Response via Reducing Melanin Synthesis in Silkworm

Identification of immune‐related genes from the transcriptome of the venom gland in Cotesia plutellae

Pleiotropic immunoregulation by growth‐blocking peptide in Ostrinia furnacalis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About