Insect hemolymph coagulation: Kinetics of classically and non-classically secreted clotting factors

Schmid, Martin R.; Dziedziech, Alexis; Arefin, Badrul; Kienzle, Thomas E.; Wang, Zhi; Akhter, Munira; Berka, Jakub; Theopold, Ulrich

doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.007

Cited by 27 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The first group is the predominant group in most insects, as was observed for example in beetles Carabus lefebvrei 55 , N. vespilloides 47 and the fly Simulium vittatum 72 . In turn, the latter group, granulocytes, participate in basic mechanisms of cellular response and in hemolymph clotting, wound healing and necrotic cell phagocytosis 70 , 73 – 75 . The predominance of plasmatocytes and granulocytes over the other hemocytes in the G. coquereliana cockroach may result in improved healing of tissue that was damaged by exposure to low temperature or/and increase resistance to cold stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Gromphadorhina coquereliana hemolymph under cold stress

Lubawy

Słocińska

2020

Sci Rep

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Low temperatures in nature occur together with desiccation conditions, causing changes in metabolic pathways and cellular dehydration, affecting hemolymph volume, water content and ion homeostasis. Although some research has been conducted on the effect of low temperature on Gromphadorhina coquereliana, showing that it can survive exposures to cold or even freezing, no one has studied the effect of cold on the hemolymph volume and the immune response of this cockroach. Here, we investigated the effect of low temperature (4 °C) on the abovementioned parameters, hemocyte morphology and total number. Cold stress affected hemocytes and the immune response, but not hemolymph volume. After stress, the number of circulating hemocytes decreased by 44.7%, but the ratio of apoptotic cells did not differ significantly between stressed and control individuals: 8.06% and 7.18%, respectively. The number of phagocyting hemocytes decreased by 16.66%, the hemocyte morphology drastically changed, and the F-actin cytoskeleton differed substantially in cold-stressed insects compared to control insects. Moreover, the surface area of the cells increased from 393.69 µm 2 in the control to 458.38 µm 2 in cold-treated animals. Together, our results show the links between cold stress and the cellular immune response, which probably results in the survival capability of this species. Abbreviations CHC Circulating hemocyte count NR Neutral red AC Anticoagulant buffer AMU Adam Mickiewicz University SR-VAD-FMK Sulforhodamine derivative of valyl alanyl aspartic acid fluoromethyl ketone WB Wash buffer THC Total hemocyte count TWC Total water content One of the key elements responsible for the evolutionary success of species is adaptation to adverse environmental conditions. Most insect species live, reproduce and survive within a limited temperature range 1. This thermal range depends on a number of elements, such as developmental stage, sex or species geographical origin, with tropical ones exhibiting a narrower temperature range than temperate 2. The geographic distribution of insects is determined by many factors, among which the ability to withstand low temperatures (cold tolerance) is one of the major factors 3. Therefore, in the course of evolution, insects living in harsh environments with low temperatures developed a set of adaptations to counteract the harmful effects of stress and to survive suboptimal thermal conditions 4-6. The cold stress response has been well documented in many species from temperate 7-9 and subarctic zones 10-12. Adaptation to cold stress and species-specific temperature limits are determined by the geographical origins and niches of insects 13,14. For instance, species from temperate zones manage cold stress better than tropical species from the same family, as was reported in flesh flies 15. Additionally, Drosophila species from the tropics are usually less tolerant to low temperatures than species from temperate regions 16-19. However, whether insects from tropical regions can survive cold stress and the mech...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Gromphadorhina coquereliana hemolymph under cold stress

Lubawy

Słocińska

2020

Sci Rep

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“…A standard potato-yeast-agar-sugar diet was used to maintain all Drosophila stocks at 25° Celsius. Fly strains, including w 1118iso ;UAS-PPO2::GFP , w 1118iso and UAS-Tg-A::GFP were created as previously published [1]. The Act5c-Gal4, the mCD8ch, the UAS-EGFP constructs were obtained from Bloomington Fly Center while the glt-RNAi line ( w 1118 ; P{GD5017}v15429 ) was obtained from the Vienna Fly Center.…”

Section: Experimental Design Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemocytes were fixed according to [5] and optimized according to [1]. After adhering to the glass slide, excess Ringer's was removed with a vacuum pump and then fixed with methanol and/or 4% PFA.…”

Section: Experimental Design Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Data on Drosophila clots and hemocyte morphologies using GFP-tagged secretory proteins: Prophenoloxidase and transglutaminase

et al. 2019

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Insect hemolymph coagulation: Kinetics of classically and non-classically secreted clotting factors Schmid et al., 2019. The linked article demonstrates the localization of two secretory proteins in Drosophila melanogaster , Prophenoloxidase (PPO2) and Transglutaminase-A (Tg) in hemocytes as well the clot with different tissue-specific drivers. Here we provide further data for the usefulness of the GFP-tagged version of the two crosslinking enzymes that are involved in clot hardening. The morphology of crystal cells is described using GFP-tagged PPO2 rather than with the use of antibodies in ex vivo hemolymph preparations. The use of the GFP-tagged proteins PPO2 and Tg is shown in additional contexts.

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“…One example for the latter is the antifungal peptide Drosomycin (Drs, [20]). Cellular immunity relies on hemocytes, immune cells in the hemolymph, which in non-infected Drosophila melanogaster comprise plasmatocytes and crystal cells [15,21,22]. Plasmatocytes have been likened to macrophages (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder.…”

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Anti-fibrotic activity of an antimicrobial peptide in aDrosophilamodel

Khalili

Kalcher

Baumgärtner

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Fibrotic lesions accompany several pathological conditions including tumors. We show that expression of a dominant-active form of the Ras oncogene in Drosophila salivary glands (SGs) leads to redistribution of components of the basement membrane (BM) and fibrotic lesions. Similar to several types of mammalian fibrosis, the disturbed BM attracts clot components including insect transglutaminase and phenoloxidase. SG epithelial cells show reduced apico-basal polarity accompanied by a loss of secretory activity. Both the fibrotic lesions and the reduced cell polarity are alleviated by ectopic expression of the antimicrobial peptide Drosomycin (Drs), which also restores secretory activity of the SGs. In addition to ECM components, both Drs and F-actin localize to fibrotic lesions.

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Insect hemolymph coagulation: Kinetics of classically and non-classically secreted clotting factors

Cited by 27 publications

References 47 publications

Characterization of Gromphadorhina coquereliana hemolymph under cold stress

Characterization of Gromphadorhina coquereliana hemolymph under cold stress

Data on Drosophila clots and hemocyte morphologies using GFP-tagged secretory proteins: Prophenoloxidase and transglutaminase

Anti-fibrotic activity of an antimicrobial peptide in aDrosophilamodel

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