Insect Diapause: A Review

Gill, Harsimran K.; Goyal, Gaurav; Chahil, Gurminder Singh

doi:10.17265/2161-6256/2017.07.002

Cited by 36 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…Diapause is usually described as restricted to one stage of the life cycle for any given species [1,3]. In a recent review of diapause in insects, it was stated that there is no known case of diapause occurring in more than one stage in the same life cycle [38]. However, bees provide exception to this rule.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss of developmental diapause as a prerequisite for social evolution in bees

Santos

Arias

Kapheim

2019

Preprint

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21Diapause is a physiological arrest of development ahead of adverse environmental conditions and is 22 a critical phase of the life cycle of many insects. In bees, diapause has been reported in species from 23 all seven taxonomic families. However, they exhibit a variety of diapause strategies. These different 24 strategies are of particular interest since shifts in the phase of the insect life cycle in which diapause 25 occurs has been hypothesized to promote the evolution of sociality. Here we provide a comprehensive 26 evaluation of this hypothesis with phylogenetic analysis and ancestral state reconstruction of the 27 ecological and evolutionary factors associated with diapause phase. We find that social lifestyle, 28 latitude, and voltinism are significant predictors of the life stage in which diapause occurs. Ancestral 29 state reconstruction revealed that the most recent common ancestor of all bees likely exhibited 30 developmental diapause and shifts to adult or reproductive diapause have occurred in the ancestors 31 of lineages in which social behavior has evolved. These results provide fresh insight regarding the 32 role of diapause as a prerequisite for the evolution of sociality in bees.33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 45 this phase of dormancy in insects, including diapause, adult diapause, reproductive diapause, 46 hibernation, adult-wintering and overwintering. A defining feature of all these terms is an arrest in 47 development or activity that is hormonally programmed in advance of environmental adversities such 48 as harsh winter, dry seasons, or food restriction [1,2]. Diapause may occur at any stage of life: egg, 49 larval, pupal or adult [1,3], and metabolic suppression varies from a decrease in activity (diapause in 50 adult phase) to complete developmental arrest (diapause during development) [4]. Diapause may also 51 be obligatory or facultative. Most obligatory diapausers live at high latitudes and produce only one 52 generation per year. Conversely, in warmer regions, there are multiple active generations before 53 winter and only one will pass through diapause (facultative diapause), and in tropical regions without 54 extreme seasonal variation in resources, many insects forego diapause [5]. 55Bees are a diverse group of holometabolous insects in the Order Hymenoptera encompassing 56 more than 20,000 species in seven taxonomic families [6]. Diapause has been reported in species of 57 each family, with a great deal of variation in strategies. Although diapause in bees may occur in any 58 developmental phase, the vast majority of species diapause during the last larval instar, immediately 59 prior to metamorphosis, called the prepupal phase [7,8] or in the adult phase after mating and before 60 the foundation of a new nest [9,10]. Also, a considerable number of species diapause as 61 reproductively active adults, which is also known as reproductive diapause [11,12]. Some bee species 62 are active year round and do not diapause [13,14]. 63The diversity of diapause strategies among bees i...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss of developmental diapause as a prerequisite for social evolution in bees

Santos

Arias

Kapheim

2019

Preprint

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“…An extensive literature has examined the seasonality of poikilothermic organisms like insects and has also documented the large diversity and complexity of morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations that enable such organisms to endure seasonal adversity (e.g., low temperatures and drought) [7,8,9]. Several variables, especially temperature and humidity, are considered determinants of the life cycle, development rate, and demographic structure of insects [10,11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual Abundance and Population Structure of Two Dung Beetle Species in a Human-Modified Landscape

Barretto

Cultid‐Medina

Escobar

2018

Insects

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Population studies are essential for understanding different aspects of species’ biology, estimating extinction probability, and determining evolutionary and life history. Using the mark-recapture method, we studied the abundance and population structure of dung beetle species (Deltochilum mexicanum and Dichotomius satanas) over one year in a human-modified landscape in Mexico. We captured 1960 individuals with a net recapture rate of 11%. Deltochilum mexicanum had a higher rate of recapture (14%) than Dichotomius satanas (5%). Annual variation in abundance was similar for both species, with maximum abundance occurring in summer and a marked reduction during winter. Deltochilum mexicanum was dominant inside the forest, and its abundance was influenced by vegetation cover, temperature, and humidity. Dichotomius satanas was more frequent outside the forest, and none of the considered environmental variables affected its abundance. The adult sex ratio of Deltochilum mexicanum was female-biased, whereas that of Dichotomius satanas was male-biased. The maximum estimated population size was similar for both species, but Deltochilum mexicanum had a higher number of new individuals and survival rate. Since species with different biological attributes presented a similar pattern of abundance and population structure, we conclude that environmental conditions are the main regulator of dung beetle populations in the human-modified landscape.

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“…Metabolism slows and development ceases in response to external environmental signals and an internal biological clock. Development resumes when diapause is broken by an external stimulator such as increasing day length or specific temperatures Gill, Goyal, and Chahil (2017) Freeze-avoidant species Species that avoid freezing behaviourally or by preventing their body fluids from freezing by using cryoprotectants and antifreeze proteins and by removing ice-nucleating agents through gut clearing Frisbie and Lee (1997) Freeze-tolerance species…”

Section: Other Termsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gill et al (2017) Refuge A place where a species can avoid detrimental environmental conditionsBogan et al (2015) andHuryn et al (2005) Reserve products Components of algal cells such as starch and lipids, which support cell growth and survival by buffering variation in energy and carbon suppliesVitova, Bisova, Kawano, and Zachleder (2015) Supercooling A process in which the temperature of liquids or gases lower below their freezing point without turning solidAshton(1983) F I G U R E 1 Intermittently freezing and drying streams in different phases: the Audeux River, an intermittent stream during a dry phase (a) and a flowing phase (b); and a frozen forest stream under snow and ice cover (c). Photos a and b are from the Doubs, France; Credit: B. Launay.…”

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confidence: 99%

Parallels and contrasts between intermittently freezing and drying streams: From individual adaptations to biodiversity variation

et al. 2019

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Intermittently freezing and drying lotic systems are common in many parts of the world. These ecosystems provide dynamic habitats for biota, as both freezing and drying processes result in the loss of water flow along stream and river channels. However, research into the ecological effects of intermittent freezing on stream biota has remained relatively scarce compared to the recent increase in studies exploring the ecology of intermittent streams that dry. Climate change is predicted to alter the distribution and dynamics of intermittently freezing stream types. A better understanding of the responses of stream biota to intermittent freezing would inform predictions of the effects of ongoing climate change on these ecosystems. In this review, we compare the effects of both freezing and drying events on stream biota, ranging from individual‐level adaptations to population effects, community‐level biodiversity variation and food webs. Despite major contrasts in environmental conditions (e.g. the drying stream channels are exposed to a direct interaction with the riparian zone during the dry phases and the freezing stream channels are enclosed during the freezing phases), we show that both freezing and drying phenomena have pervasive effects on the structure and dynamics of aquatic stream biota. At the individual organism level, aquatic taxa use a range of physiological, morphological, life‐history, and behavioural responses to persist despite changing habitat conditions in both freezing and drying streams. The variety of organisms’ responses can result in both biodiversity increases and decreases, which may affect population and community dynamics in both ecosystem types. Future research should further explore the population and community‐level effects of freezing in stream ecosystems. Due to the ecological parallels between intermittently drying and freezing streams, approaches developed in research into drying streams may also be applied in freezing stream ecosystems. This could improve our understanding of climate change effects on freezing stream ecosystems.

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Insect Diapause: A Review

Cited by 36 publications

References 56 publications

Loss of developmental diapause as a prerequisite for social evolution in bees

Loss of developmental diapause as a prerequisite for social evolution in bees

Annual Abundance and Population Structure of Two Dung Beetle Species in a Human-Modified Landscape

Parallels and contrasts between intermittently freezing and drying streams: From individual adaptations to biodiversity variation

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