“…For example, in Australia, an estimated 380,600 additional public hospital bed days annually, are attributed to healthcareassociated urinary tract infections, and these are primarily due to CAUTI ( Mitchell, Ferguson, Anderson, Sear, & Barnett, 2016 ). Catheter-associated complications such as recurrent urinary tract infections, catheter blockages, and urine leakage are common adverse events experienced by patients with long-term catheters ( Wilde et al, 2013 ), and result in significant patient-and healthcare-related burden ( Agency for Clinical Innovation, 2016 ), as they adversely impact on patients' quality of life, morbidity and mortality ( Gilbert, Naidoo, & Redwig, 2018 ). From the perspective of economic expenditure, each incidence of CAUTI is estimated to cost between $1,200 and $4,700 USD ( Umscheid et al, 2011 ).…”