“…Previous studies have focused on a siloed approach to OUD and its complications. For example, many studies used peer support to address substance use and have shown improvement in outcomes ( Armitage et al., 2010 ; J. Bernstein et al., 2005 ; Boisvert et al., 2008 ; Min et al., 2007 ; Rowe et al., 2007 ; SAMHSA, 2017a , 2017b ), and others have specifically used PRCs to address substance use with mixed results ( Bassuk et al., 2016 ; Byrne et al., 2020 ; Magidson et al., 2021 ). Other studies have described the use of peers to improve HIV and HCV-related outcomes ( Mayer et al., 2013 ; Stagg et al., 2019 ).…”