“…Higher delay resolution (required for antennas operating at high frequency) can also be improved with an integrated photonics approach. A number of photonic integration platforms have been used, such as polymer technology [37]- [39], silica [40]- [43], LiNbO 3 [44], GaAs [45], [46], and InP [47], [48]. A recent example [49] using ultralow-loss Si 3 N 4 substrate showed a fully integrated 4-bit TTD line capable of delays above 12 ns, corresponding to about 2.4 m of propagation length, on a chip area of 4.5 cm # 8.5 cm, with waveguide losses as low as 1 dB/m (Figure 7).…”