Inorganic/organic phosphorus‐based flame retardants synergistic flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam

Wu, Jiazi; Zhang, Wenchao; Qin, Zhaolu; Zhang, Zhida; Yang, Rongjie

doi:10.1002/pen.26264

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Thermal decomposition started from the weakest link forming the polyurethane structure (Yang et al 1986). The thermal decomposition curve of the rPU disappeared at 80 to 120 °C, due to the removal of moisture and inorganic compounds, and the initial weight loss occurred below 160 °C (Wu et al 2023). Then there was a complicated mechanism consisting of a few decomposition steps at 200 to 320 °C, which was attributed to the separation in urethane groups (Somani et al 2003;Mosiewicki et al 2009;Raghu et al 2009).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cellulose micro and nanocrystals on the mechanical, thermal, morphological, and structural properties of rigid polyurethanes

Kaya,

Yalçın,

Aydemir

2024

BioRes

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Effects of adding microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were evaluated relative to the mechanical, thermal, morphological, and structural properties of rigid polyurethanes (rPUs). The composites were prepared with the blending of polyols/isocyanates and the cellulosic fillers at 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% loadings. Scanning electron microscopic images showed that the samples had micro-scaled porosity, with cell sizes ranging from 250 to 800 nm. The fillers improved the mechanical strengths and modulus of neat rPUs due to the presence of the nano-sized cells in rPUs matrix. The addition of both fillers generally did not provide a positive effect on the thermal properties, and the weight loss generally increased while the loading rate of the fillers was increased from 0.25% to 1%. The samples had two small crystalline peaks at 18° and 19° according to the X-ray diffraction analysis. From the results, it can be said that the presence of both fillers generally improved all properties of the neat rPUs, and the effects of CNC on the properties were higher than MCC due to both lower particle size and the higher crystallinity of CNC.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cellulose micro and nanocrystals on the mechanical, thermal, morphological, and structural properties of rigid polyurethanes

Kaya,

Yalçın,

Aydemir

2024

BioRes

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“…The two characteristic bands of the coke are around 1600 cm À1 (G band, reacting to the content of graphitized carbon) and 1350 cm À1 (D band, reacting to the content of defective carbon). 13,40 It is known that ID/IG (the ratio of the peak areas of the D and G bands) reflects the degree of graphitization of carbon. 41 The ID/IG values were obtained by fitting the curves with Origin software, as shown in Figure 11.…”

Section: Vertical Combustion Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of microencapsulation flame retardant on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foams

Peng,

Li,

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A microencapsulated flame retardant PMDOPO was synthesized by solution blending method using EGDMA as initiator and AIBN as cross‐linking agent. Rigid polyurethane foams were prepared in a one‐step process. PMDOPO was incorporated into the foams by blending with polycarbonate diols (PCDL) and foaming additives. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that PMDOPO was well formed and uniformly dispersed in the foam. The pore size and density of the foams first increased and then decreased with the addition of PMDOPO. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), vertical combustion test, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the PMDOPO content was directly proportional to the flame retardancy and the thermal stability. The major weight loss shifted to higher temperature intervals. The amount of residual char of RPUF/PMDOPO‐25 was enhanced 50 times to 10.63% compared to pure RPUF. In addition, SEM and Raman analyses of the combustion residual char revealed that a phosphorus‐containing char layer was formed during thermal degradation. The dense charcoal layer helps to insulate heat and suppress combustion. The universal testing machine showed that RPUF with 15 wt% content had the best compression resistance, with an enhancement of 1.8 MPa over pure RPUF.

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“…Halogen-free flame retardants typically include phosphorus, nitrogen, silicon, boron and metal flame retardants. Phosphorus flame retardants primarily function as flame suppressants by generating free PO radicals, which halt the combustion chain reaction in the gas phase 9 – 11 . They also interact with degraded polymers to enhance the carbon yield of the condensed phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi-element flame retardant containing boron and double-bond structure for enhancing mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy resins

Zheng,

Zhao,

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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A multi-element synergistic flame retardant with double-bond structure was synthesized and added to epoxy resin (EP) to obtain EP composites with high flame retardant and mechanical properties. The study demonstrated that the DOPO-KhCPA-5 composite, containing 5 wt% of DOPO, exhibits the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 32%, indicating a high resistance to combustion. Additionally, it successfully meets the UL-94 V-0 grade, indicating excellent self-extinguishing properties. The DOPO-KhCPA-5 compound exhibited a 48.7% decrease in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and a 7.2% decrease in total heat release (THR) compared to pure EP. The inclusion of double-bonded architectures in the DOPO-KhCPA-5 composites led to a significant enhancement in both the tensile strength and tensile modulus. Specifically, the tensile strength increased by 38.5% and the tensile modulus by 57.9% compared to pure EP. This improvement can be attributed to the formation of a fully interpenetrating network of macromolecular chain structures by DOPO-KhCPA within the EP matrix. This network increased the entanglement between molecular chains, resulting in positive effects on the mechanical properties of the EP. Multi-element of DOPO-KhCPA exhibits a synergistic effect, providing condensed and noncombustible gas-phase flame retardancy. Additionally, the mechanical properties were improved with the introduction of flame retardants due to the good impact of double-bond cross-linking. The effectiveness of DOPO-KhCPA as an additive for developing high-performance EP with significant potential applications has been proven.

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Inorganic/organic phosphorus‐based flame retardants synergistic flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam

Cited by 15 publications

References 40 publications

Effects of cellulose micro and nanocrystals on the mechanical, thermal, morphological, and structural properties of rigid polyurethanes

Effects of cellulose micro and nanocrystals on the mechanical, thermal, morphological, and structural properties of rigid polyurethanes

Effect of microencapsulation flame retardant on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foams

A multi-element flame retardant containing boron and double-bond structure for enhancing mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy resins

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