Inorganic nitrite and nitrate: evidence to support consideration as dietary nutrients

Bryan, Nathan S.; Ivy, John L.

doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2015.06.001

Cited by 110 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…However, in the current study only 2% (10 out of 553 athletes) reached a daily nitrate intake above the standard supplement dose of ~400 mg (~6.5 mmol). Thus despite large interindividual differences in nitrate intake (range 19-525 mg/d), the intake level for most athletes is substantially lower than the 300-600 mg (4.8-9.7 mmol) of nitrate representing the suggested minimal dose needed to enhance exercise performance (Bryan & Ivy, 2015;Hoon et al, 2013;Wylie et al, 2013). As such, we propose that greater habitual nitrate consumption in highly trained athletes is not a likely explanation for the suggested ineffectiveness of nitrate supplementation in this population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Dietary nitrate can increase the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) through the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway (Lundberg et al, 1994), which modulates many processes that are essential to exercise performance (e.g., blood flow and muscle contractility; Stamler & Meissner 2001). Previous studies have suggested that at least 300-600 mg (4.8-9.7 mmol) of nitrate is needed to enhance exercise performance in various athlete populations (Bryan & Ivy, 2015;Hoon et al, 2013;Wylie et al, 2013). As a result, many athletes who use nitrate-containing supplements consume concentrated beetroot juice shots containing ~400 mg (~6.5 mmol) nitrate per dose.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Habitual Dietary Nitrate Intake in Highly Trained Athletes

Jonvik¹,

Nyakayiru²,

Dijk³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Although beetroot juice, as a nitrate carrier, is a popular ergogenic supplement among athletes, nitrate is consumed through the regular diet as well. We aimed to assess the habitual dietary nitrate intake and identify the main contributing food sources in a large group of highly trained athletes. Dutch highly trained athletes (226 women and 327 men) completed 2-4 web-based 24-hr dietary recalls and questionnaires within a 2-to 4-week period. The nitrate content of food products and food groups was determined systematically based on values found in regulatory reports and scientific literature. These were then used to calculate each athlete's dietary nitrate intake from the web-based recalls. The median [IQR] habitual nitrate intake was 106[75-170] mg/d (range 19-525 mg/d). Nitrate intake correlated with energy intake (ρ = 0.28, p < .001), and strongly correlated with vegetable intake (ρ = 0.78, p < .001). In accordance, most of the dietary nitrate was consumed through vegetables, potatoes and fruit, accounting for 74% of total nitrate intake, with lettuce and spinach contributing most. When corrected for energy intake, nitrate intake was substantially higher in female vs male athletes (12.8[9.2-20.0] vs 9.4[6.2-13.8] mg/MJ; p < .001). This difference was attributed to the higher vegetable intake in female vs male athletes (150[88-236] vs 114[61-183] g/d; p < .001). In conclusion, median daily intake of dietary nitrate in highly trained athletes was 106 mg, with large interindividual variation. Dietary nitrate intake was strongly associated with the intake of vegetables. Increasing the intake of nitrate-rich vegetables in the diet might serve as an alternative strategy for nitrate supplementation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitual Dietary Nitrate Intake in Highly Trained Athletes

Jonvik¹,

Nyakayiru²,

Dijk³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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“…Anyway, beyond sodium, there are other dietary components accounting for exceptions to this general rule, since they have been demonstrated to affect vascular function and regulate BP, both when found in food matrices and as isolated dietary supplements, namely nitrates and nitrites. While classified as carcinogenic to humans, because of their use as preservatives in processed meats that leads to conjugation with amino acids and release of toxic nitrosamines, the nitrates and nitrites we are exposed to on daily basis come from cured meat in a very small percentage (less than 5%) [163]. Interestingly, more than 85% of these molecules comes from vegetables, particularly from some of the world's healthiest roots and vegetables: beetroots and green leafy vegetables.…”

Section: Nitrates and Nitritesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, more than 85% of these molecules comes from vegetables, particularly from some of the world's healthiest roots and vegetables: beetroots and green leafy vegetables. On the contrary, many observational studies are revealing that nitrates and nitrites are protective against CV risk [163], especially when it comes to CKD [6]. This understanding has recently led some authors to propose to revise these compounds as actual dietary nutrients instead of mere additives, or even toxic substances [163].…”

Section: Nitrates and Nitritesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrients, Nutraceuticals and Xenobiotics Affecting Renal Health

Cosola

Sabatino

Bari

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract:Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects worldwide 8-16% of the population. In developed countries, the most important risk factors for CKD are diabetes, hypertension and obesity, calling into question the importance of educating and acting on lifestyles and nutrition. A balanced nutrition and supplementation can indeed support the maintenance of a general health status, including preservation of renal function, and help to manage and curb the main risk factors for renal damage. While the concepts of protein and salt restriction in nephrology are historically acknowledged, the role of some nutrients on renal health and the importance of nutrition as a preventative measure for renal care are less known.In this review, we provide an overview of the demonstrated and potential actions of some selected nutrients, nutraceuticals and xenobiotics on renal health and function. The effects on kidney of fibres, proteins, fatty acids, curcumin, steviol glycosides, green tea, coffee, nitrates, nitrites, and alcohol, both direct and indirect, in CKD and non-CKD condition, are reviewed here. In a view of a functional and personalized nutrition, understanding the renal and systemic effects of dietary components is essential since many chronic conditions and CKD are related to systemic dysfunctions such as chronic low-grade inflammation.

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“…However, nitrite is a very poor vasodilator especially at doses that are used to recapitulate NO based signaling [65][66][67]. Interestingly, nitrite appears to only lower blood pressure in subjects with an elevation in blood pressure [68].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Nitrite: from menace to marvel

Bryan¹

2016

FFHD

Self Cite

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ABSTRACT:The health benefits of nitrite are now indisputable when administered in a clinical setting for specific diseases. Currently, most published reports identify the production of nitric oxide (NO) as the mechanism of action for nitrite. Basic science, in addition to clinical studies, demonstrate that nitrite and/or nitrate cannot restore NO homeostasis as an endothelium independent source of NO that may be a redundant system for endogenous NO production. Nitrate must first be reduced to nitrite by oral commensal bacteria; nitrite can then be further reduced to NO along the physiological oxygen gradient. But despite decades of rigorous research on sodium nitrate's safety and efficacy as a curing agent, sodium nitrite is still regarded by many as a toxic undesirable food additive. However, research within the biomedical science community has revealed enormous therapeutic benefits of nitrite which are being developed as novel therapies for conditions associated with nitric oxide insufficiency. Thus, this review will highlight the fundamental biochemistry of nitrite in human physiology and provide evidence that nitrite be considered an essential nutrient. Foods or diets enriched with nitrite can have profound positive health benefits.

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Inorganic nitrite and nitrate: evidence to support consideration as dietary nutrients

Cited by 110 publications

References 110 publications

Habitual Dietary Nitrate Intake in Highly Trained Athletes

Habitual Dietary Nitrate Intake in Highly Trained Athletes

Nutrients, Nutraceuticals and Xenobiotics Affecting Renal Health

Dietary Nitrite: from menace to marvel

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