Inorganic fouling of heat transfer surface from potable water during convective heat transfer

Al‐Gailani, Amthal; Sanni, Olujide; Charpentier, Thibaut; Crisp, Richard; Bruins, Jantinus H.; Neville, Anne

doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116271

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…The results show a linear growth dependence between foulant deposition and the increase of thermal conductivity of the analysed surface, in case only crystallization fouling is present. This is also supported by other studies, such as [45] or [39], where copper exhibited the largest amount of deposits, followed by aluminium and stainless steel. It was witnessed that silicon carbide (SiC) substrates were able to mitigate scaling, in the sense of a lower initial fouling rate by a factor of up to four compared to stainless steel [46].…”

Section: Surface Conditionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The model suggested that increasing the flow velocity would enhance mass transfer that promotes deposition, but would simultaneously also increase the shear stress that leads to deposit removal [35]. Since then, several conflicting reports regarding the effect of fluid velocity have been given, most of them concluding that higher flow rate inhibits fouling [32,36,37] and some finding that it promotes it or has a variable effect [33,38,39]. It was suggested in [40] that at low wall superheat, where the process is mass transfer controlled, increasing the flow velocity promotes scaling.…”

Section: Flow Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Crystallization Fouling in Heat Exchangers

et al. 2021

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A vast majority of heat exchangers suffer from unwanted deposition of material on the surface, which severely inhibits their performance and thus marks one of the biggest challenges in heat transfer. Despite numerous scientific investigations, prediction and prevention of fouling remain unresolved issues in process engineering and are responsible for large economic losses and environmental damage. This review article focuses specifically on crystallization fouling, providing a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of fouling in heat exchangers. The fundamentals of the topic are discussed, as the term fouling resistance is introduced along with distinct fouling behaviour, observed in laboratory and industrial environments. Insight into subsequent phases of the fouling process is provided, along with the accompanying microscale events. Furthermore, the effects of fluid composition, temperature, flow velocity, surface condition, nucleate boiling and composite fouling are comprehensively discussed. Fouling modelling is systematically reviewed, from the early work of Kern and Seaton to recently used artificial neural networks and computational fluid dynamics. Finally, the most common fouling mitigation approaches are presented, including design considerations and various on-line strategies, as well as off-line cleaning. According to our review, several topics require further study, such as the initial stage of crystal formation, the effects of ageing, the interplay of two or more fouling mechanisms and the underlying phenomena of several mitigation strategies.

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Section: Surface Conditionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Flow Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Crystallization Fouling in Heat Exchangers

et al. 2021

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“…Chemical and physical methods are the main approaches for controlling fouling in industrial production. Chemical methods include ion exchange, the preprecipitation of slightly soluble and insoluble salts, as well as the addition of fouling inhibitors [4,5]. However, these methods not only incur high costs but also change the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions, potentially posing risks to human health and aquatic organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of an Axial-Electromagnetic Field Treatment Device with a Solenoid Structure on Crystallization Fouling on the Tube Side of a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger

Peng

Liang

2023

Entropy

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In this study, the influence of an axial-electromagnetic field treatment device (AEFTD) with a solenoid structure using different electromagnetic frequencies on calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystallization fouling on the tube side of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger was investigated. The experimental results indicated that the application of the AEFTD could effectively reduce fouling resistance and decelerate the growth rate of CaCO3 fouling. The opposite trend between fouling resistance and the outlet temperature of an experimental fluid indicated that the application of the AEFTD could enhance heat transfer. Meanwhile, the crystal morphologies of the fouling samples were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The axial-electromagnetic field favored the formation of vaterite as opposed to calcite. Non-adhesive vaterite did not easily aggregate into clusters and was suspended in bulk to form muddy fouling that could be carried away by turbulent flow. Furthermore, the anti-fouling mechanism of the axial-electromagnetic field is discussed in detail. The anti-fouling effect of the AEFTD on CaCO3 fouling exhibited extreme characteristics in this study. Therefore, the effectiveness of the AEFTD is contingent upon the selection of the electromagnetic parameters.

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Nanoengineering Scalephobic Surfaces for Liquid Cooling Enhancement

Schmid,

Armstrong,

Denz

et al. 2024

Adv Materials Inter

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Crystallization fouling, a process where mineral scales form on surfaces, is of broad importance in nature and technology, negatively impacting water treatment and electricity production. However, a rational methodology for designing materials with intrinsic resistance to scaling and scale adhesion remains elusive. Here, guided by nucleation physics, this work investigates the effect of coating composition and surface structure on the nucleation and growth mechanism of scale on metallic heat transfer surfaces nanoengineered by large‐area techniques. This work observes that on hydrophilic nanostructured copper, despite its significantly enlarged surface area compared to smooth surfaces, scale formation is substantially suppressed leading to sustained, efficient cooling performance. This work reveals the mechanism through thermofluidic modeling coupled with in situ optical characterization and show that surface bubble formation through degassing is responsible for generating local hot spots enhancing supersaturation. This work then demonstrates a scalephobic nanostructured surface which reduces the accumulated surface scale mass 3.5× and maintains an 82% higher heat transfer coefficient compared to superhydrophobic surfaces with corresponding energy conversion savings. This work not only advances the understanding of fouling mechanisms but also holds promise for practical applications in industries reliant on efficient heat transfer processes.

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Inorganic fouling of heat transfer surface from potable water during convective heat transfer

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

A Review of Crystallization Fouling in Heat Exchangers

A Review of Crystallization Fouling in Heat Exchangers

Influence of an Axial-Electromagnetic Field Treatment Device with a Solenoid Structure on Crystallization Fouling on the Tube Side of a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger

Nanoengineering Scalephobic Surfaces for Liquid Cooling Enhancement

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