Inoculum-Dependent Division Lag of
            <i>Bacillus</i>
            Cultures and Its Relation to an Endogenous Factor(s) (“Schizokinen”)

Lankford, C. E.; Walker, James R.; Reeves, James B.; Nabbut, Nassim H.; Byers, B. R.; Jones, Rhys

doi:10.1128/jb.91.3.1070-1079.1966

Cited by 54 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…The finding that piliated, virulent Ti gonoad to contain high levels of cell-associated cocci produced more gonobactin than did the ng agent. Sonic lysates of B. megaterium nonpiliated T3 strains was interesting and conin low-iron medium contained significant sistent with our observations that piliated gonkts of SK (6,13). Synthesis of an unknown ococci were more virulent and better able to camate by E. coli carrying the Col V vir-acquire iron in the chicken embryo model (19).…”

Section: Gitidis Ysis Of the Cells Other Microbes Have Beensupporting

confidence: 70%

Siderophore Production by Pathogenic Neisseria spp

Yancey

Finkelstein

1981

Infect Immun

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Previous studies have established the importance of iron acquisition to the growth and virulence of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Although preliminary evidence that the Neisseria spp. produce siderophores has been presented, the exact mechanism of iron acquisition has remained obscure. Siderophore production by N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis was induced in two different low-iron media. The iron-reactive siderophores, "gonobactin" and "meningobactin," were partially purified by ion exchange chromatography followed by extraction with phenol-chloroform-ether or by gel filtration. The compounds were of low molecular weight, their synthesis was repressed by iron in the medium, and they appeared to be hydroxamic acids since they were stimulatory for Arthrobacter flavescens JG-9 (a hydroxamate auxotroph) and gave a positive Csaky reaction for bound hydroxylamine. In the iron form, the compounds had an absorption maximum of approximately 420 nm. Although meningobactin stimulated growth of the gonococcus in low-iron media and vice versa, the homologous activity was more marked, indicating that the compounds, though similar, were probably not identical. As determined by A. flavescens assay the meningococcus produced three to five times more siderophore than did the gonococcus; however, the amount of siderophore present in the culture fluids of even the meningococcus was 100to 1,000-fold lower than the concentration of hydroxamate siderophores reported to be produced by Bacillus megaterium or Aerobacter aerogenes. Virulent, colony type 1 N. gonorrhoeae produced significantly more gonobactin than did the avirulent colony type 3 gonococci. MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains. Neisseria strains were as previously described (22,28). Bacillus megaterium ATCC 19213 and Arthrobacter flavescens JG-9 were obtained from C. E. Lankford, University of Texas, Aus-600 on July 6, 2020 by guest http://iai.asm.org/ Downloaded from

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Section: Gitidis Ysis Of the Cells Other Microbes Have Beensupporting

confidence: 70%

Siderophore Production by Pathogenic Neisseria spp

Yancey

Finkelstein

1981

Infect Immun

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“…Production of catechols by E. coli. The inoculum-dependent growth of Bacillus megaterium in low-iron medium can be overcome by the addition of its own culture fluid, which contains an iron-binding hydroxamate (19). Preliminary experiments showed that 7-h broth culture fluid exerted a similar effect on E. coli 0141 in serum, suggesting that a product of bacterial metabolism was required for growth in serum.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron-Binding Catechols and Virulence in Escherichia coli

1973

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Previous work suggested that virulent bacteria, which can grow rapidly in serum, must possess a specific mechanism for removing iron from its transferrin complex. Two strains of Escherichia coli were examined with this in mind. Strain O141, which showed inoculum-dependent growth in serum and multiplied in the mouse peritoneum, secreted iron-binding catechols into both synthetic medium and serum. One of these compounds has an association constant for iron similar to that of transferrin. Both transferrin and ethylenediamine-di- o -hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (EDDA), which have very high affinities for ferric iron, induced catechol synthesis in growing cultures of strain O111. This organism was inhibited by normal horse serum. Further work showed that traces of specific antibody inhibited catechol synthesis by O111 exposed to EDDA; therefore, the existence of this inhibitory process means that the organism can no longer obtain Fe 3+ , which all remains bound to transferrin in serum. In vivo, the inhibition of O111 is similar to that produced by serum in vitro. Neither phagocytosis nor killing by complement appeared to be of any significance during the first 4 h of the infections. Significantly, the purified catechol was capable of abolishing bacteriostasis in vivo. Since these results show that the production of iron-binding catechols is essential for rapid bacterial growth both in vitro and in vivo, these compounds should therefore be considered as true virulence factors. Conversely, any interference by the host with the production or activity of these compounds would constitute an important aspect of antibacterial defense.

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“…In several systems that were investigated it was further shown that the lag phase could be shortened and growth initiated by addition of small molecules, such as CO2 (9), specific amino acids (6), Krebs cycle intermediates (18), and kojic acid (16). More significantly, Bacillus megaterium was shown to accumulate an ironchelating hydroxamic fcid during the lag phase of growth (17). This diffusible endogenous siderochrome (1) overcame the inoculum-dependent lag of B. megaterium (2) and Bacillus subtilis (16).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell density-dependent growth of Myxococcus xanthus on casein

Rosenberg¹,

Keller²,

Dworkin³

1977

J Bacteriol

205

101

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When Myxococcus xanthus FB was grown on 0.2% casein it exhibited a phenomenon we call cooperative growth. That is, above 104 cells per ml, both strains that were studied exhibited increasing growth rates as a function of increasing cell numbers. Between 104 and 107 cells per ml, the mean doubling times of strains YS and TNS decreased from 15.2 to 8 h and 26 to 8.5 h, respectively. The extracellular proteinase activity of the two strains was equivalent and directly proportional to cell number. Cooperative growth was correlated with increased concentration of hydrolyzed casein in the medium, suggesting cooperative hydrolysis of casein. At low cell densities neither strain was capable of measurable growth on casein in liquid media, and we have calculated that the average concentration of hydrolyzed casein in the medium was indeed too low to support growth. At low cell densities, growth on hydrolyzed casein (Casitone) was normal and independent of cell concentration. Demonstration of cooperative growth at higher cell densities supports the suggestion that the communal behavior of myxobacteria results in more efficient feeding.

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Inoculum-Dependent Division Lag of Bacillus Cultures and Its Relation to an Endogenous Factor(s) (“Schizokinen”)

Abstract: Inoculum-dependent division lag of Bacillus cultures and its relation to an endogenous factor(s) ("schizokinen").

Cited by 54 publications

References 12 publications

Siderophore Production by Pathogenic Neisseria spp

Siderophore Production by Pathogenic Neisseria spp

Iron-Binding Catechols and Virulence in Escherichia coli

Cell density-dependent growth of Myxococcus xanthus on casein

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