Inoculation of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) with Ap-V1 Or NY-18 Strains ofAnaplasma Phagocytophilumand Microscopic Demonstration of Ap-V1 InIxodes ScapularisAdults that Acquired Infection from Deer as Nymphs

Reichard, Mason V.; Román, Raúl Manzano; Kocan, Katherine M.; Blouin, Edmour F.; Fuente, José de la; Snider, Timothy A.; Heinz, Rebecca E.; West, Misti D.; Little, Susan E.; Massung, Robert F.

doi:10.1089/vbz.2008.0106

Cited by 29 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…[15,20–23,26,27,30]. However, the ehrlichial load in some ticks in our study was more extensive than what was previously assumed for Anaplasmataceae other than A .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

“…phagocytophilum . This includes identification in salivary glands, gut, and hemolymph using PCR, staining, and light microscopy [24–26] as well as a single electron microscopy study showing morulae (membrane bound bacterial inclusions within the cytoplasm of host cells) in tick gut muscle cells, salivary glands, and ganglia [27]. Ehrlichia chaffeensis has yet to be imaged in ticks, while the ultrastructural features of E .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tissue Distribution of the Ehrlichia muris-Like Agent in a Tick Vector

et al. 2015

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Human pathogens transmitted by ticks undergo complex life cycles alternating between the arthropod vector and a mammalian host. While the latter has been investigated to a greater extent, examination of the biological interactions between microbes and the ticks that carry them presents an equally important opportunity for disruption of the disease cycle. In this study, we used in situ hybridization to demonstrate infection by the Ehrlichia muris-like organism, a newly recognized human pathogen, of Ixodes scapularis ticks, a primary vector for several important human disease agents. This allowed us to assess whole sectioned ticks for the patterns of tissue invasion, and demonstrate generalized dissemination of ehrlichiae in a variety of cell types and organs within ticks infected naturally via blood feeding. Electron microscopy was used to confirm these results. Here we describe a strong ehrlichial affinity for epithelial cells, neuronal cells of the synganglion, salivary glands, and male accessory glands.

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“…[15,20–23,26,27,30]. However, the ehrlichial load in some ticks in our study was more extensive than what was previously assumed for Anaplasmataceae other than A .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue Distribution of the Ehrlichia muris-Like Agent in a Tick Vector

et al. 2015

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“…Not all AP genetic variants identified are pathogenic to humans, and even if several variants may coexist in the same geographical area, they appear to have distinct enzootic cycles [1, 16, 22]. For example, in the eastern USA, I. scapularis hosts both the Ap-V1 non-pathogenic variant as well as Ap-ha pathogenic variant; however, among vertebrates, Ap-V1 is only found in the white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) [23], while Ap-ha only in the white-footed mouse ( Peromyscus leucopus ) [24]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and genetic variability of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild rodents from the Italian alps

et al. 2017

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BackgroundHuman granulocytic anaplasmosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease with increasing relevance for public health in Europe. The understanding of its sylvatic cycle and identification of competent reservoir hosts are essential for improving disease risk models and planning preventative measures.ResultsIn 2012 we collected single ear biopsy punches from 964 live-trapped rodents in the Province of Trento, Italy. Genetic screening for Anaplasma phagocytophilum (AP) was carried out by PCR amplification of a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. Fifty-two (5.4%) samples tested positive: 49/245 (20%) from the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and 3/685 (0.4%) samples collected from the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis). From these 52 positive samples, we generated 38 groEL and 39 msp4 sequences. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the existence of a distinct rodent strain of AP.ConclusionsOur results confirm the circulation of a specific strain of AP in rodents in our study area; moreover, they provide further evidence of the marginal role of A. flavicollis compared to M. glareolus as a reservoir host for this pathogen.

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“…This emerging zoonotic pathogen is transmitted by Ixodes ticks of which the major vector species are I. scapularis in the United States and I. ricinus in Europe [2]. In ticks, A. phagocytophilum infects and multiply in different tissues including midguts [10] and salivary glands [11]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The intracellular bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum selectively manipulates the levels of vertebrate host proteins in the tick vector Ixodes scapularis

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe intracellular bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum are emerging zoonotic pathogens affecting human and animal health, and a good model for the study of tick-host-pathogen interactions. This tick-borne pathogen is transmitted by Ixodes scapularis in the United States where it causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Tick midguts and salivary glands play a major role during tick feeding and development, and in pathogen acquisition, multiplication and transmission. Vertebrate host proteins are found in tick midguts after feeding and have been described in the salivary glands of fed and unfed ticks, suggesting a role for these proteins during tick feeding and development. Furthermore, recent results suggested the hypothesis that pathogen infection affects tick metabolic processes to modify host protein digestion and persistence in the tick with possible implications for tick physiology and pathogen life-cycle.MethodsTo address this hypothesis, herein we used I. scapularis female ticks fed on uninfected and A. phagocytophilum-infected sheep to characterize host protein content in midguts and salivary glands by proteomic analysis of tick tissues.ResultsThe results evidenced a clear difference in the host protein content between tick midguts and salivary glands in response to infection suggesting that A. phagocytophilum selectively manipulates the levels of vertebrate host proteins in ticks in a tissue-specific manner to facilitate pathogen infection, multiplication and transmission while preserving tick feeding and development. The mechanisms by which A. phagocytophilum manipulates the levels of vertebrate host proteins are not known, but the results obtained here suggested that it might include the modification of proteolytic pathways.ConclusionsThe results of this study provided evidence to support that A. phagocytophilum affect tick proteolytic pathways to selectively manipulate the levels of vertebrate host proteins in a tissue-specific manner to increase tick vector capacity. Investigating the biological relevance of host proteins in tick biology and pathogen infection and the mechanisms used by A. phagocytophilum to manipulate host protein content is essential to advance our knowledge of tick-host-pathogen molecular interactions. These results have implications for the identification of new targets for the development of vaccines for the control of tick-borne diseases.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1747-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Inoculation of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) with Ap-V1 Or NY-18 Strains ofAnaplasma Phagocytophilumand Microscopic Demonstration of Ap-V1 InIxodes ScapularisAdults that Acquired Infection from Deer as Nymphs

Cited by 29 publications

References 14 publications

Tissue Distribution of the Ehrlichia muris-Like Agent in a Tick Vector

Tissue Distribution of the Ehrlichia muris-Like Agent in a Tick Vector

Prevalence and genetic variability of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild rodents from the Italian alps

The intracellular bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum selectively manipulates the levels of vertebrate host proteins in the tick vector Ixodes scapularis

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